English

• Grammar is the use of rules on how words change, combine, and form meaning.
• a Noun functions as the name of a Person, Place, Thing, Time, Quality, and Action. (Ex. John, New York, 2018, etc.)
• Concrete nouns can be touched. Abstract nouns are concept. (Ex. CN: Wallet, Paper, etc… AN: Love, Rights, Dignity, etc…)
• A Common Noun refers to the class of a noun. A Proper Noun refers to the exact and specific name. (Ex. CN: Lawyer, Justice, etc… PN: Homer, Bry, Mako, etc…)
• Capitalize the first letter of a Proper Noun.
• A Singular noun identifies one thing. A Plural noun identifies multiple elements. (Ex. SN: he, pet, car | PN: they, pets, cars)
• Most nouns add s to be plural.

  Ex. Singular: day, month, year

  Plural: days, months, years
• Most nouns ending in s, sh, ch, x, or z add es to be plural.

  Ex. Singular: church, tax

  Plural: churches, taxes
• Nouns ending in o preceded by a vowel take s to be plural.

  Ex. Singular: radio, rodeo

  Plural: radios, rodeos
• Nouns ending in o preceded by a consonant take s or es to be plural.

  Ex. Singular: zero, cargo, motto

  Plural: zeros/zeroes, cargos/cargoes, mottos/mottoes
• Noun ending in vowel + y = s

  Noun ending in consonant + y = es

  Ex. Vowel: boy/boys, toy/toys

  Consonant: baby/babies, theory/theories
• Nouns ending in f or fe = ves

  Ex. wife/wives, knife/knives
• Some noun have the same plural forms.

  Ex. aircraft/aircraft, crossroads/crossroads
• Compound nouns form their plural by adding s to the principal word.

  Ex. Wrong: mother-in-laws

  Right: mothers-in-law
• Human titles can be pluralized.

  Ex. Sirs for sir; Messrs. for Mr; Mesdames for Mrs. and Madam
• Add s to make letters, numbers, signs, and symbols plural.

  Ex. 1 -> 1s; b -> bs
• Nouns and Pronouns have three cases:

  Nominative

  Objective

  Possessive
• Nominative Case means the noun/pronoun is the subject of the sentence.

  Ex. HE is advance in Mathematics.
• Objective Case means the noun/pronoun is the receiver of the action/verb.

  Ex. He brought him a new book.

  him - pronoun (indirect)

  book - noun (direct)
• Possessive Case means the noun/pronoun is the owner of something.

  Ex. Jack’s book is missing.

  Lazarus’ papers are missing.
• Put ‘s to a noun to show possession.

  Ex. Carl’s notebook, America’s grand design.
• Put ‘ to a noun in plural form to show possession.

  Ex. The quizzes’ difficulty

  The villages’ source of water
• Pronoun have their own special possessive form.

  Ex. They -> Their, He -> His, It -> Its