AP Psychology Exam

• Monism


  a theory or doctrine that Aristotle introduced that denies the existence of a distinction or duality in a particular sphere, such as that between matter and mind, or God and the world.
• Dualism


  Descartes believed the mind is separate from the body
• Phrenology


  German physician Franz Gal introduced the idea that personality and mental traits are determined by the shape of the human skull and the measurement of bumps and fissures on the skull (lacks scientific proof).
• Socrates and Plato believed that...

  The mind is separate from the body
• Aristotle believed that...

  the mind and body are one
• Descartes introduced...


  a thesis on dualism(the mind is separate from the body).
• Bacon and Locke introduced...


  the concept of empiricism(knowledge comes from sensory experience).
• Francis Gall introduced


  phrenology
• Dorothea Dix...


  helped to establish the first hospital for the mentally ill. Was apart of the mental health reform
• Charles Darwin


  published his theory of evolution by natural selection in 1859.
• G. Stanley Hall


  first american to earn a doctorate in psychology; established first experimental laboratory in America; founded the American Psychological Association (APA) studied educational psychology
• Wilhelm Wundt


  established first experimental laboratory in Germany
• William James


  Published "The Principles of Psychology" founder of functionalism and father of American psychology
• Margaret Floy Washburn


  First women to receive a doctorate in psychology. Studied animal psychology
• Sigmund Freud


  Pusblished "Interpretation of Dreams" founder of psychoanalysis
• Mary Whiton Calkins


  Elected as first women president of the American Psychological Association. Studied self-psychology
• Alfred Binet introduced...


  intelligence tests
• Ivan Pavlov published...


  his findings of "Classical Conditioning"
• Carl Jung publiched...

  • The Psychology of Dementia and departed from Freudian views and formed his own psychoanalytic theory
• John B. Watson introduced...

  his views of "Classical Conditionaing" with Little Albert
• Jean Piaget published...


  The Moral Judgment of Children, which led to his famous "staged of cognitive development"
• Kenneth and Mamie Clark famously studied...

  racial indentity preferences in a "doll experiment." Results showed that children white and black had a tendency to view white dolls favorably and black dolls unfavorably.
• Carl Rogers introduced...


  the practice of "client-centered therapy" studies humanistic psychology
• American Psychiatric Association


  First edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders published.
• B. F Skinner 


  Studied operant conditioning
• Evolutionary psychology is…

  a combination of biological and cognitive psycholog. Focuses on how human behaviors have adapted for human survival when confronted with environmental pressures.
• Psychoanalytic focuses on…


  Unconscious motivations that stem from early childhood experiences and from the conflict between id, ego, and supereg. Mental illness is due to unconscious urges that can negatively affect emotions, thought, and feelings
• Behavior psychology focuses on…


  how the environment shapes and controls behavior.
• Cognitive psychology focuses on…


  The role of thoughts and mental processes that affect behavior. Thought aid in acquiring knowledg, memor, and perceptions.
• Sociocultural psychology emphasizes…

  how society and culture influence behavior.
• Clinical psychologist 


  Specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of emotional and behavioral disorder. They administer and interpret psychological tests.
• Developmental psychologist 


  Study how people develop and grow throughout a life span.
• Educational psychologist 


  Focus on learning and cognitions of children through adulthood.
• Forensic psychologist

  Specializes in legal matters. They work with police to conduct testing and interview.
• Industrial/ organizational psychologist 


  • Apply psychological principles to businesses and organizations to improve the connection between employees and their work environment.
  • Typically assist employees with organizational changes, training, development, and work performance.
• Neuropsychologist

  • specialize in clinical work with individuals who may need cognitive, behavioral, or emotional rehabilitation.
  • Children through adults who may have brain damage frequently see a neuropsychologist
• Research (experimental) psychologist


  Work at a university and conduct experimental research in specific areas of study of both humans and animals.
• Basic research is based on…


  developing or expanding theoretical studies in controlled settings.
• Applied research is based on..


  developing practical intervention techniques in real world scenario.
• School psychologist 


  Work with children and adolescents in a school setting to conduct testing, diagnosing, and identifying cognitive, social and learning problems