BME

• "Hindi bale nang manakawan ng sampung beses, huwag lang masusunugan": 'ENGR. MICHAEL B. INTIA'
• Fire Protection and Suppression Systems

  The application of science and engineering principles to protect people and their environments from the destructive effects of fire and smoke
• Types of fire protection

  • Active protection
  • Passive fire protection
• Active protection


  • Automatic Sprinkler System
  • Foam Water Systems
  • Gaseous Extinguishing Systems
  • Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems
• Passive fire protection


  Attempts to contain fires or slow the spread, through use of fire-resistant walls, floors and doors
• Education (ITM)


  • Provision of information regarding passive and active fire protection systems to building owners, operators, occupants, and emergency personnel
  • Smoke control and management
  • Building layout
  • Risk management
• Fire


  A rapid, self-sustaining oxidation process accompanied by evolution of heat and light of varying intensities
• Fire


  A chemical chain reaction, often between different chemical compounds or elements, each of which has stored energy
• Elements required for fire

  • Fuel
  • Oxygen
  • Heat
• All sides of a fire triangle should be present for a fire to start
• Remove any of these three elements and a fire can be controlled
• Spontaneous combustion


  A type of combustion which occurs by self heating (increase in temperature due to exothermic internal reactions), followed by thermal runaway (self-heating which rapidly accelerates to high temperatures) and finally, ignition
• Thermal effects of fire


  • Flame and heat
  • Smoke and fire gases
• Smoke components


  • Carbon monoxide
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Ammonia
  • Hydrogen chloride
  • Sulfur dioxide
• Fire


  • Fast - will double every 30 seconds under normal condition
  • Hot - Within minutes, air temperature in a burning room can reach 300° C enough to melt clothes, skin and scorch your lungs in one breath
  • Deadly - Small fire can produce enough smoke to fill building in minutes
• Smoke effects


  • Teary eyes
  • Choking sensation
  • Impaired judgment due to carbon monoxide
  • Loss of spatial recognition
  • Sedation effect – respiratory failure
• Classes of fire


  • Class A - Paper
  • Class B - Oils
  • Class C - Electric
  • Class D - Metal
• Causes of fire


  • Electrical failure - 23%
  • Smoking - 18%
  • Friction - 10%
  • Overheat of materials or equipment - 8%
  • Burning flames - 7%
  • Combustible sparks - 5%
• Methods of fire extinguishment

  • Smothering - removal of air or oxygen
  • Cooling - lowering of temperature and removal of heat
  • Starvation - removal of fuel/combustible materials
  • Interruption of the chain reaction - introduction of compounds capable of quenching free, radical production
• Extinguishing agents


  • Water
  • Carbon dioxide, Inergen and Nitrogen
  • FM200 (replacement for Halon)
  • Foam
  • Dry chemical
• An extinguishing agent just needs to eliminate any one of the four elements of fire to control or extinguish it
• 45% of businesses never reopen after a minor fire
• The Kentex fire in 2015 killed 74 people
• The Ozone Disco Club fire in 1996 killed 162 people and injured 95
• The Resorts World Manila attack in 2017 killed 37 people and injured 70
• The NCCC Mall fire in 2017 killed 38 workers
• The Metro Ayala Centre Cebu fire in 2018 caused no injuries
• Republic Act No. 9514


  The "Revised Fire Code of the Philippines of 2008" which dictates that it's the State policy to ensure public safety & promote economic development through the prevention and suppression of all kinds of destructive fires
• Buildings required to have automatic sprinkler systems


  • Buildings 55 Feet (16,764 mm) or more in height
  • Assembly Occupancies
  • Educational Occupancies
  • Health Care Occupancies
  • Detention and Correctional Facilities
  • Residential Occupancies
  • Mercantile Occupancies
  • Business Occupancies
  • Industrial and Storage Occupancies
• Passive Fire Protection Systems

  • Education and training
  • Fire walls
  • Fire proofing
  • Egress and Fire Exit Doors
  • Insulated steel beams
  • Fire Drills and Fire Brigade Response Teams
  • Safe Work Permit System and Safety Awareness
  • Compartmentation
  • Housekeeping / 5S
  • Fire Exits
• Active Fire Protection Systems

  • Automatic Fire Suppression System – Sprinkler system
  • Fire Detection and Alarm System – Smoke detectors
  • Egress Protection and Positive Pressurization
  • Portable fire extinguishers
  • Automatic smoke control and Exhaust System
  • Fire Hose Cabinets
  • Fire Hydrants
• Fire suppression system


  Protection or other equivalent protection as may be appropriate to the particular hazard
• Explosion venting and other means of protection


  • Explosion venting for any area subject to an explosion hazard
  • Any other means of protection designed to minimize danger to occupants in case of fire or other emergency before they have time to utilize exits to escape
• Passive Fire Protection Systems

  • Education and training
  • Fire walls
  • Fire proofing
  • Egress and Fire Exit Doors
  • Insulated steel beams
  • Fire Drills and Fire Brigade Response Teams
  • Safe Work Permit System and Safety Awareness
  • Compartmentation
  • Housekeeping / 5S
  • Fire Exits
• Active Fire Protection Systems

  • Automatic Fire Suppression System – Sprinkler system
  • Fire Detection and Alarm System – Smoke detectors
  • Egress Protection and Positive Pressurization
  • Portable fire extinguishers
  • Automatic smoke control and Exhaust System
  • Fire Hose Cabinets
  • Fire Hydrants
  • Manual Fire Suppression Systems
  • Back-up Power and Water Supply Availability
• Proactive (Passive) protection


  Includes elements of the building construction such as structural protection and compartmentalization to contain fire and smoke. Proactive (Passive) measures are there primarily to contain and limit fire spread, smoke, and heat so as to provide a safe environment for escape and rescue. Proactive measures can support smoke management systems by providing fire resistance to smoke extract ducts.
• Proper use of fire protection systems and equipment

  • Proper use of fire extinguishers
  • Operation of fire alarm system
  • Inspection and Testing of AFSS and FDAS
  • Use and waste disposal of flammable and combustible materials
  • Importance of electrical safety
  • Correct storage of flammable and combustible materials
  • Safe handling of compressed gases
  • Housekeeping / 5S practices
• Objectives of fire protection

  • To control fire growth
  • To control smoke spread
  • To limit spread within the fire building
  • To prevent fire spread to other buildings
  • To allow rapid egress
  • To minimize damage to the building and its contents
  • To facilitate Fire Service operations
  • To prevent structural collapse
• Efficiency of Passive Fire Protection systems

  Measured by its Stability, Integrity and Insulation where combining all these properties will extend the building element's capability to prevent the fire from spreading and failure of structural elements
• Fire ratings


  Consist of three numbers in minutes referring to: Stability - The protected load bearing element fulfills its function during the entire fire resistance period, Integrity - The system does not allow spread of fire or hot gasses during the entire fire resistance period, Insulation - The temperature increase of the unexposed side of the system remains under set limits during the entire fire resistance period