Psych1nn

• Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval


  Processes of Memory
• Encoding


  The earliest process of memory, where you have some initial experience with the information
• Ways information may be coded

  • Visually
  • Acoustically
  • Semantically
• Visually Coded


  Information coded as images or pictures
• Acoustically Coded


  Information coded as sequences of sounds
• Semantically Coded


  Information coded as units of meanings
• Storage


  The second process of memory, involving maintaining the coded information within the memory systems
• Retrieval


  The third process of memory, involving finding the information in storage and bringing it to awareness or consciousness
• Forms of retrieval

  • Recall
  • Recognition
• Recall


  Form of retrieval where the person has to deliberately search through memory for a particular piece of information and report it, if found
• Recognition


  Form of retrieval where the information to be retrieved is actually presented to the person, after which the person reports whether they remember it or not
• Cued Recall


  The retrieval process of cues
• Systems of Memory

  • Sensory Register
  • Short-Term Memory
  • Long-Term Memory
• Sensory Register


  System of Memory that receives all stimuli in your environment and stores information from physical stimuli
• Short-Term Memory


  System of Memory where the stimulus from the Sensory Register is then encoded, and remains until shortly after you stop attending to or thinking of it
• Long-Term Memory


  System of Memory made up of large amounts of semantic information accumulated over the years, where the stimulus from the Sensory Register is likely to be stored
• Common Distinctions made in Long-Term Memory

  • Procedural Memory
  • Declarative Memory
• Procedural Memory


  Memory of procedures and skills
• Declarative Memory


  Memory of various sorts of knowledge
• Classifications of Declarative Memory

  • Semantic Memory
  • Episodic Memory
• Semantic Memory


  Memory of facts
• Episodic Memory


  Memory of particular events in your life
• Serial View of Memory

  The memory systems of sensory register, short-term memory, and long-term memory are related in a serial manner. Information moves from the sensory register to short-term memory, and then to long-term memory and possibly back to short-term memory.
• Working Memory


  That part of long-term memory that is active during the completion of a current task
• Crystallized Systems


  Long-term memory systems incorporated into working memory
• Fluid Systems


  The original working-memory systems
• Visual Semantics


  The crystallized systems
• Visual Semantics contain


  • Nonverbal Information
  • Language
  • Episodic Long-Term Memory
• Nonverbal Information


  Visual semantic that contains color and movement
• Language


  Visual semantic that contains verbal information
• Episodic Long-Term Memory


  Visual semantic that contains currently inactive episodes or scenes
• Fluid Systems


  The central executive, which controls or supervises the attention required by most memory tasks
• Visuospatial Sketchpad


  Fluid system that stores and manipulates visuospatial information such as matrices, patterns, and locations of objects
• Phonological Loop


  Fluid system that stores and manipulates speech-related information such as words and their sounds
• Episodic Buffer


  New fluid system that is the interface or connection between the other parts of the fluid systems and the crystallized systems
• Buffer


  Temporary storage unit in fluid systems
• Parallel Distributed Processing View or Connectionism


  Model of memory systems where there are no separate memory systems that operate serially, but rather memory is made up of networks of connected units that process information
• Free Recall Method


  Method where a subject is presented a long list of items to remember
• Serial Position Curve


  Pattern where subjects do very well with the first few items and the last few items in the sequence, but do rather badly with the items in the middle
• Encoding effects found in the serial position curve

  • Primacy Effect
  • Recency Effect