Anaphy Midterm Exam

• Heart


  a cone shaped organ approximately the size of a fist, located within the mediastinum, or medial cavity, of the thorax
• Apex


  extends slightly to the left and rest on the diaphragm, approximately at the level of the fifth intercostal space
• Coverings of the Heart:

  Pericardium - sac that encloses the hearth
• 3 Layers of Pericardium:

  Fibrous pericardium - helps protect the heart anchors it to surrounding structures such as the diaphragm and sternum

  Serous pericardium - deep to the fibrous pericardium is the slippery, two-layer

  Parietal pericardium - lines the interior of the fibrous pericardium
• Walls of the Heart:

  Visceral pericardium - also called the epicardium, is part of the heart wall

  Myocardium - consist of thick bundles of cardiac muscle twisted, it is the layer that actually contracts

  Endocardium - thin glistening sheet of endothelium that lines the heart chambers
• Heart Chambers:

  interventricular septum - the septum that divides the heart longitudinally

  Superior and inferior venae cavae - where the right atrium receives relatively oxygen-poor blood from the body

  Pulmonary veins - deliver oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium

  Pulmonary trunk - which routes blood to the lungs to be oxygenated

  Aorta - main artery, from which all systemic arteries of the body diverge to supply the body tissues
• Heart Valves:

  Atrioventricular valves - located between the atrial and ventricular chambers on each side, prevent backflow into the atria

  Mitral or Bicuspid valve - consist of two cusps, or flaps, of endocardium

  Right atrioventricular valve - called the tricuspid valve, has three cusps

  Chordae Tendineae - tiny white collagenic cords
• Cardiac cycle


  is the equivalent to one complete heartbeat- during which both atria and ventricles contract and then relax
• Arrythmia


  irregular heartbeat, is a problem with the rate or rhythm of your heartbeat
• Pulse Points:

  Superficial temporal artery

  facial artery

  common carotid artery

  brachial artery

  radial artery

  femoral artery

  popliteal artery

  posterior tibial artery

  dorsalis pedis artery
• Pulse


  refers to the alternating surges of pressure in an artery that occur with each contraction and relaxation of the ventricle
• Pulse Pressure


  difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
• Venous Bleeding


  blood runs out from the wound site at a steady rate. the color of the blood is dark red to purplish in color
• Arterial Bleeding


  blood comes from the artery and pumps out with each heartbeat. blood color is bright red due to higher levels of oxygen in the veins and blood.
• Intrinsic conduction system


  ensures that heart muscle depolarizes in an orderly and sequential manner from atria to ventricles
• The intrinsic conduction system:

  Sinoatrial Node - located in the atrium just inferior to the entrance to the superior venae cavae

  Atrioventricular node - in the lower atrial septum at the junction of the atria and ventricles

  AV bundle (bundle of his) - located in the ventricular septum

  Subendocardial conducting network - also called purkinje fibers, c consists essentially of long strands of purkinje myocytes, which ramify within the muscle bundles of the ventricular walls
• Electrocardiograph


  instrument use to detect the electrical impulses in the heart
• Electrocardiogram


  the graphic recording of the electrical changes occurring during the cardiac cycle
• P - R interval


  represents the time between the beginning of atrial depolarization and ventricular depolarization

  is about 0.12–0.20 sec. A longer interval may suggest a partial AV heart block caused by damage to the AV node.
• S - T segment


  is a very important area to examine when evaluating the ECG. Elevation of this segment is characteristic of a myocardial infarct
• QRS complex


  (normally about 0.08 sec) may indicate a right or left bundle branch block in which one ventricle is contracting later than the other
• Q - T interval


  is the period from the beginning of ventricular depolarization through repolarization and includes the time of ventricular contraction (the S-T segment). With a heart rate of 70 beats/ min, this interval is normally 0.32–0.38 sec.
• Tachycardia 


  A heart rate over 100 beats/min
• Bradycardia


  A rate below 60 beats/min
• Fibrillation


  a condition of rapid uncoordinated heart contractions which makes the heart useless as a pump.
• Ventricular fibrillation


  life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention. CPR and defibrillation can restore your heart to its normal rhythm and may be life-saving.
• Atrial fibrillation


  generally not life threatening, but it can be uncomfortable and often needs treatment such as anti arrhythmic drug
• Sphygmomanometer


  commonly called a blood pressure cuff, is an instrument used to obtain blood pressure readings by the auscultatory method
• Blood pressure


  defined as the pressure the blood exerts against any unit area of the blood vessel walls, and it is generally measured in the arteries.
• Two Blood Pressure Readings:

  Systolic pressure which is the pressure in the arteries at the peak of ventricular ejection

  Diastolic pressure which reflects the pressure during ventricular relaxation
• Sounds of Korotkoff


  indicate the resumption of blood flow into the forearm
• The pressure at which the first soft tapping sounds can be detected is recorded as the systolic pressure
• As the pressure is reduced still further, below the diastolic pressure
• Erythrocytes


  sacs of hemoglobin molecules that transport the bulk of the oxygen carried in the blood (and a small percentage of the carbon dioxide
• Leukocytes


  are part of the body’s nonspecific defenses and the immune system
• Platelets


  function in hemostasis (blood clot formation)
• total WBC count or total RBC count


  determines the total number of that cell type per unit volume of blood. Total WBC and RBC counts are a routine part of any physical exam.
• complete blood count


  is a blood test used to screen your overall health and to look for many different illnesses, including anemia, infections, and leukemia. The test extracts a large amount of information from the blood sample you've given
• Leukocytosis


  an abnormally high WBC count, may indicate bacterial or viral infection, metabolic disease, hemorrhage, or poisoning by drugs or chemicals.
• Leukopenia


  A decrease in the white cell number below 4000/mm3 may indicate typhoid fever, measles, infectious hepatitis or cirrhosis, tuberculosis, or excessive antibiotic or X-ray therapy. A person with leukopenia lacks the usual protective mechanisms