stages

• Organogenesis


  The process of organ formation from undifferentiated cells
• Organogenesis


  1. Initiation

  2. Proliferation

  3. Differentiation

  4. Migration and Tissue Remodeling

  5. Maturation
• Vertebrate axis formation


  • Lateral-medial (left-right)
  • Dorsal-ventral (back-belly)
  • Anterior-posterior (head-feet)
• Spemann and Mangold's experiment showed that the dorsal cells were genetically programmed to form the notochord and define the axis
• Mutations in genes responsible for axis formation leads to the loss of symmetry required for organism development
• Internal asymmetry is established very early during development and involves many genes
• Genetic Regulation


  Organogenesis is controlled by a network of genes that regulate cell fate specification, proliferation, and differentiation
• Signaling Pathways


  Various signaling pathways, such as the Wnt, Notch, and Hedgehog pathways, play crucial roles in coordinating cell behaviors during organogenesis
• Epigenetic Regulation


  Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs, contribute to the regulation of gene expression patterns during organogenesis
• Environmental Influences


  Environmental factors, such as nutrients, oxygen levels, and mechanical forces, can impact organogenesis by affecting cell proliferation, differentiation, and tissue morphogenesis
• Examples of Organogenesis


  • Neural Tube Formation
  • Heart Development
  • Limb Bud Development
• Understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying organogenesis is essential for elucidating developmental disorders and designing regenerative therapies aimed at repairing damaged or diseased organs