PART 2

• GROUP OF HETEROTROPHIC ORGANISMS: BACTERIA, FUNGI, AND ANIMALS
• BACTERIA AND FUNGI ARE EITHER SAPROPHYTIC (FEED OON DEAN ANIMALS)
• PARASITES ARE ORGANISM THAT SURVIVE IN OTHER ORGANISM AND PROCURE FOOD FROM THEIR HOST
• ANIMALS MAYBE HERBIVORES (FEED ON GREEN PLANTS), CARNIVORES (FEED ON MEAT), AND OMNIVORES (FEED ON BOTH PLANTS AND ANIMALS).
• HETEROTROPHS REQUIRES: CARBOHYDRATE, PROTEINS, AND FATS.
• CARBOHYDRATE ARE THE CHIEF ENERGY IN ANIMALS.
• PROTEINS ALSO NEEDED TO BUILD MUSCLE AND ARE SOURCES OF ENERGY.
• FATS SERVES AS THE ENERGY STORAGE.
• VITAMINS ARE SUBSTANCES WHICH ARE ORGANIC IN NATURE AND ARE NEEDED IN SMALL AMOUNTS. THESE SUBSTANCE ARE NOT MANUFACTURED BY ANIMALS, THUS THEY OBTAINED FROM OTHER SOURCES.
• THERE ARE TWO GROUPS OF VITAMINS: FAT SOLUBLE VITAMIN AND WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS.
• FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS-

  SYMBOL- A

  NAME- RETINOL OR ANTIXEROPHTHALMIC

  FUNCTIONS- MAINTAINS THE INTEGRITY OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE; CONTAINS THE VISUAL PURPLE RETINA.
• FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS-

  SYMBOL- D

  NAME- CALCIFEROL OR ANTI-RACHITIC

  FUNCTIONS- PROMOTES GROWTH OF BONES AND TEETH
• FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS-

  SYMBOL- E

  NAME- TOCOPHEROL (GREEK "TO BEAR A CHILD")

  FUNCTIONS- RELATES THE CELLULAR RESPIRATION AND PREVENT HEMOLYSIS IN RBC.
• FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS-

  SYMBOL- K

  NAME- ANTI-HEMORRHAGIC

  FUNCTIONS- MAINTAINS PROTHROMBIN LEVEL IN BLOOD PLASMA.
• WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS -

  SYMBOL- C

  NAME- ASCORBIC ACID

  FUNCTIONS- HOLDS INTACT IN THE CELL, CONVERTS FOLIC ACID TO ACTIVE FORM, HEAL WOUND AND FRACTURES, PREVENT MAGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA, RESISTANCE AGAINST INFECTION, INFLUENCE FE ABSORPTION, AND BRAIN METABOLISM.
• FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS-

  SYMBOL- B1

  NAME- THIAMINE

  FUNCTIONS- NEEDED IN CHO METABOLISM, MAINTAINS GOOD APETITE AND FOR NORMAL FUNCTIONING OF NERVES.
• FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS-

  SYMBOL- B2

  NAME- RIBOFLAVIN

  FUNCTIONS- ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS OF COENZYMES FLAVIN MONUCLEOTIDE (FMN) AND FLAVIN ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE (FAD). ESSENTIAL IN CHO. PROTEIN AND FAT METABOLISM.
• FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS-

  SYMBOL- B6

  NAME- PYRIDOXINE

  FUNCTIONS- INVOLVED IN AMINO ACID METABOLISM.
• FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS-

  SYMBOL- B12

  NAME- COBALAMIN

  FUNCTIONS- RELATED TO PROTEIN METABOLISM.
• FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS-

  SYMBOL- NIACIN

  NAME- NICOTINIC ACID NICOTINAMIDE PANTOTHENIC ACID FOLIC ACID OR PTEROLYGLUTAMIC ACID (PGA)

  FUNCTIONS- ACT AS H+ AND E- ACCEPTORS. PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN PLANT AND CO2 FIXATION IN ANIMALS. A METABOLISM OF CHO, PROTEINS, AND FATS. IMPORTANT IN ERYTHROPOIESIS.
• FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS-

  SYMBOL- H

  NAME- BIOTIN

  FUNCTIONS- COENZYME FACTOR IN CO2 FIXATION. WITH ACITIVE ACETATE (COH) HELPS SYNTHESIS PURINES, PYRIMIDINES, FATTY ACIDS.
• EXAMPLE OF FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS: RETINOL OR ANTIXEROPHTHALMIC (A), CALCIFEROL OR ANTI-RACHITIC (D), TOCOPHEROL (GREEK " TO BEAR A CHILD") (E), ANTI-HEMORRHAGIC (K).
• EXAMPLE OF WATER SOLUBLE: ASCORBIC ACID (C), THIAMINE (B1), RIBOFLAVIN (B2), PYRIDOXINE (B6), COBALAMIN (B12), NICOTINIC ACID NICOTINAMIDE PANTOTHENIC ACID FOLIC ACID OR PTEROLYGLUTAMIC ACID (NIACIN), BIOTIN (H)
• HYPERVITAMINOSIS IS AN EXCESSIVE INTAKE OF VITAMINS OR ACCUMULATION OF VITAMINS IN THE BODY.
• WATER SOLUBLE INVOLVE IN HYPERVITAMINOSIS: VITAMIN C, NIACINE, AND VITAMIN B12.
• VITAMIN C CAUSES DIARRHEA, NAUSEA, CRAMPS, ACIDIFICATION OR URINE.
• NIACINE CAUSES SKIN BURNING, FLUSHING, ITCHING, NAUSEA, AND VOMITING.
• VITAMIN B12 CAUSES ALLERGY AND SHOCK.
• FAT SOLUBLE INVOLVE IN HYPERVITAMINOSIS: VITAMIN A, VITAMIN D, VITAMIN E, VITAMIN K.
• VITAMIN A CAUSES HAIR LOSS, POTENTIAL BIRTH DEFECT.
• VITAMIN D INCREASES BLOOD PRESSURE, BRAIN AND HEART DAMAGE AND POTENTIAL BIRTH DEFECT.
• VITAMIN E CAUSES DIARRHEA, CRAMPS, DIZZINESS, BLURRED VISION, HEAD ACHES.
• A MINERAL IS DEFINEF AS INORGANIC ELEMENT CONTAINING NO CARBON THAT REMAINS AS ASH WHEN FOOD IS BURNED.
• 2 GROUPS OF MINERALS: MACROMINERALS AND MICROMINERALS.
• MACROMINERALS THAT USED BY ANIMALS IN THEIR INORGANIC STATE: CALCIUM, PHOSPHORUS, POTASSIUM, SULFUR, SODIUM, CHLORIDE, MAGNESIUM, IRON.
• MICROMINERALS THAT USED BY ANIMALS IN THEIR INORGANIC STATE: SELENIUM, MANGANESE, COPPER, IODINE, MOLYBDENUM, COBALT, CHROMIUM, FLUORIDE, VANADIUM, NICKEL, SILICON, TIN.
• MACROMINERALS.

  CALCIUM

  • STREGHTENS BONES AND TEETH; INVOLVED IN MUSCLE CONTRACTION AND RELAXATION, BLOOD CLOTTING, WATER BALANCE, AND NERVE FUNCTION.
• MACROMINERALS.

  PHOSPHORUS

  • INVOLVED IN CALCIFICATION OF TEETH AND BONES, ACID BASE-BALANCE, AND ENERGY METABOLISM.
• MACROMINERALS.

  POTASSIUM

  • FACILIATATES MANY REACTIONS, ESPECIALLY PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, WATER BALANCE, NERVE TRANSMISSION, AND MUSCLE CONTRACTION.
• VITAMIN-LIKE FACTOR: TAURINE AND CARNITINE OR VITAMIN B.