principles and methods of teaching

• Princeps(L) - beginning or end of all things
• (G) - to express the origin of things; to express their fundamental laws;

  to put out the ultimate objectives
• principles - Any of general truth or guiding norm by which

  a process is carried on.
• Starting principles - Nature of the child; psychological and physiological endowment which makes education possible, Knowledge of the laws and principles of child growth and development
• Guiding principles - procedure; methods of instruction; agglomeration

  of techniques by which the learner and the teacher may work together toward the accomplishment of the goals and objectives of education, explain teaching processes, selection and operation of teaching and learning activities and techniques
• Ending principles - Educational aims; goals; objectives; outcomes;

  purposes; results of the whole educational scheme to which teaching and learning are directed
• learner - refers to the person who serves as a key participant in learning processes
• aptitude - refers to the student's innate talent or gift. It indicates a natural capacity to learn certain skills
• interests - learners vary in activities that are undertaken due to a strong appeal or attraction
• family and cultural background - students come from different socio-economic background which manifest a wide range of behavior due to individual differences in upbringing and practices
• attitudes - students have unique way of thinking and reacting, refers to individuals perspective and disposition
• 2 fundamental equipment of the learner

  1. cognitive faculties
  2. appetitive faculties
• Cognitive faculties

  1. five senses
  2. instincts
  3. imagination
  4. memory
  5. intellect
• elements of teaching learner process

  • the learner
  • the teacher
  • conducive learning environment
• professional teacher - perceives him/herself as someone who can effect change
• personality - sum total of one's personal characteristics. it is one's identity
• authoritarian - personality pattern reflecting a desire for security, order, power
• weak personalities - they are more easily influenced and seek the approval of the crowd
• dynamic or "magnetic" personality - a personality where an individual is confident, energetic, and independent
• sincerity & honesty - values exhibited in words and actions
• passion for teaching - a compelling force that emerges from teachers love for children
• humor - teachers humor connects them with their students like a magnetic
• laws of effect - a satisfying state of affairs following the response strengthens the connection between the stimulus and behavior, annoying state weakens the connection
• open-mindedness - basic in promoting respect and trust
• fairness and impartiality - eliminates discrimination in ting students
• physical environment - must be neat, tidy, orderly, spacious, well-lighted
• safety - rules and norms, physical safety, social-emotional safety
• relationships - respect for diversity, school connectedness, social support others
• teaching and learning - social, emotional, ethical and civic learning, support for learning
• professionalism - it is highly treasured in the teaching profession
• sense of efficacy - can affect change or learning
• subject matter knowledge - an expert in what s/he teach
• pedagogical knowledge - an expert in how s/he teaches
• 2 types of appetitive faculties

  1. feelings and emotions
  2. will
• principles (webster) - comprehensive law or doctrine from which others are derived or on which others are founded
• principles (ayer) - signify a generalized statement through which

  otherwise unrelated data are systematized and interpreted
• principles (Hopkins) - rule for guiding the ship of education so that it will reach the port designated by the philosophy of education; it is a compass by which the path of education is directed
• appetitive faculty - refers to the learner's feelings & emotions & rational will