geo unit test

• Pangaea


  A massive supercontinent that formed at the end of the Paleozoic era and ended in the Mesozoic era
• Continental Drift


  A force that moves the continents
• Plate Tectonics


  The theory that explains continental drift. It states that 20 plates make up Earth's shell which is either oceanic or continental.
• Alfred Wegener


  Came up with the theory of continental drift
• J.Tuzo Wilson


  Came up with the theory of plate tectonics
• Proofs Alfred Wegener had to demonstrate his theory of 'continental drift'


  • Jigsaw puzzle between South America and Asia
  • Fossils of the same species found in different areas
  • Mountains of the same age and structure are found in Atlantic Canada and Northern Europe
  • Ice sheets covered several areas 250 million years ago
• Convection


  The process of transferring heat through fluid motion
• Because of convection movement, the magma moves, therefore moving the crusts
• Subduction

  1. Two plates converge and one goes under the other

  2. It is a downward movement of one plate into the mantle

  3. This causes a v-shaped trench to form

  4. This area is called the subduction zone
• Layers of the Earth

  • Core (inner core and outer core)
  • Mantle (upper mantle, lower mantle, asthenosphere)
  • Crust
• What occurs during an earthquake

  • Landslides
  • Fires
  • Floods
  • Liquefaction
• What occurs during a volcano

  • Fires
  • Air pollution
  • Pyroclastic cloud
  • Lahar, lava, and ash are emitted
  • Water turns into acid
• Tsunami


  A large displacement of water either from an underwater earthquake, a volcano, or a landslide
• Tsunamis generally occur when plates are converging or diverging
• How igneous rock is formed

  Magma cools down
• How sedimentary rock is formed


  Compression of sediments over millions of years
• How metamorphic rock is formed

  Heat and pressure applied to sedimentary and igneous rock over many years
• Geologic eras from oldest to most recent

  • Precambrian
  • Paleozoic
  • Mesozoic
  • Cenozoic
• The Canadian Shield was created during the Precambrian Era
• Dinosaurs existed in the Mesozoic Era
• Humans came about in the Cenozoic Era
• Types of plate movements

  • Transformative
  • Converging
  • Diverging
• Mariana's Trench


  The deepest trench in the world, formed by subduction
• Mid-Atlantic Ridge


  A chain of underwater mountains formed by diverging plates
• The Ring of Fire is a region along the Pacific Ocean that experiences tremendous plate movement and has several natural disasters
• Folding


  The bending of rock beneath the surface
• Faulting


  A movement along the lines of a plate
• Earthquake hazards or impacts


  • Primary hazards
  • Secondary hazards
• Reasons why people continue to live in hazardous regions

  • Unaware of the risks
  • Family connections
  • Benefits
  • Assets in the area
  • Financial status
• Factors that might make a natural disaster more deadly


  • Its secondary effects
  • Weak governance
  • Location
  • Population
• Important items to send to a disaster-prone region


  • Professional social services(healthcare, cops, fire)
  • Relief kits
  • Experts monitoring the disaster
  • Non-perishables
  • Radio
• An emergency evacuation plan is necessary during a natural disaster because it is common sense
• Tundra


  A vegetation region that has several shrubbery and permafrost, too cold for trees to grow, found in northern Canada
• Elements of Soil


  • Minerals
  • Bacteria and Organic Material
  • Air
  • Moisture
• Leaching


  When minerals are moved from the soil due to the downward motion of water in the soil
• Capillary action


  The upward movement of water through space in the soil, as water at the top evaporates and is replaced by water drawn from below
• Calcification


  When water that carries minerals moves upwards, and the minerals are left behind as the water evaporates
• Categories of vegetation


  • Tundra
  • Grasslands
  • Parkland
  • Forest
• The vegetation that exists where we live includes maple trees, oak trees, deciduous trees, flowers, pine, and fir
• Vegetation regions across Canada

  • Boreal Forest
  • Parkland
  • Grassland
  • Prarie
  • Cordilleran
  • Mixed Forest
  • Tundra
  • Broad Leaved Forest