RIPH 3

• Treaty of Paris


  December 10, 1898
• The Treaty of Peace between the United States of America and Her Majesty the Queen Regent of Spain, in the name of her August Son, Don Alfonso XIII, was concluded and signed by their respective plenipotentiaries at Paris on the tenth day of December, 1898
• Article I


  Spain relinquishes all claim of sovereignty over and title to Cuba. The United States will assume and discharge the obligations that may under international law result from the fact of its occupation, for the protection of life and property.
• Article II


  Spain cedes to the United States the island of Puerto Rico and other islands now under Spanish sovereignty in the West Indies, and the island of Guam in the Marianas or Ladrones.
• Article III


  Spain cedes to the United States the archipelago known as the Philippine Islands, within a defined geographical area. The United States will pay Spain $20,000,000 within three months.
• Article IV


  The United States will, for the term of ten years, admit Spanish ships and merchandise to the ports of the Philippine Islands on the same terms as ships and merchandise of the United States.
• Article V


  The United States will send back to Spain, at its own cost, the Spanish soldiers taken as prisoners of war on the capture of Manila. Spain will evacuate the Philippines and the island of Guam.
• Article VI


  Spain will release all prisoners of war and all persons detained or imprisoned for political offenses. The United States will release all persons made prisoners of war by the American forces.
• Article VIII


  Spain relinquishes or cedes to the United States all public buildings, wharves, barracks, forts, structures, public highways and other immovable property in the territories relinquished or ceded. This does not impair the property or rights of peaceful possession of private individuals or entities.
• Article IX


  Spanish subjects, natives of the Peninsula, residing in the territory over which Spain relinquishes or cedes its sovereignty, may remain or remove, retaining all their rights of property and the right to carry on their industry, commerce and professions.
• Article X


  The inhabitants of the territories over which Spain relinquishes or cedes its sovereignty shall be secured in the free exercise of their religion.
• Article XI


  The Spaniards residing in the territories over which Spain cedes or relinquishes its sovereignty shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the courts of the country wherein they reside, pursuant to the ordinary laws governing the same.
• Article XII


  Judicial proceedings pending at the time of the exchange of ratifications of this treaty shall be determined according to specified rules.
• Article XIII


  The rights of property secured by copyrights and patents acquired by Spaniards in the ceded territories shall continue to be respected. Spanish scientific, literary and artistic works shall continue to be admitted free of duty for 10 years.
• Article XIV


  Spain shall have the power to establish consular officers in the ports and places of the territories, the sovereignty over which has been either relinquished or ceded.
• Article XV


  The Government of each country will, for the term of ten years, accord to the merchant vessels of the other country the same treatment in respect of all port charges as its accords to its own merchant vessels, not engaged in the coastwise trade.
• Article XVI


  Any obligations assumed in this treaty by the United States with respect to Cuba are limited to the time of its occupancy thereof; but it will upon the termination of such occupancy, advise any Government established in the island to assume the same obligations.
• Article XVII


  The present treaty shall be ratified by the President of the United States, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate thereof, and by Her Majesty the Queen Regent of Spain; and the ratifications shall be exchanged at Washington within six months from the date hereof, or earlier if possible.
• The Treaty of Paris was signed on December 10, 1898
• Caricature


  A picture, description, or imitation of person in which certain striking characteristics are exaggerated in order to create a comic or grotesque effect
• Alfred W. McCoy


  • Born on June 08, 1945 in Massachusetts, USA
  • Professor of History at the University of Wisconsin Madison, where he also served as Director of Center for Southeast Asian studies
  • Majority of his works and researches focuses on Philippines
• Political Caricature of the American Era was awarded the Philippine National Book Award for History in 1986
• Historical background of political caricature of the American era

  During the American era, Philippine Political cartoons gained full expression. Filipino artists recorded national attitudes towards the coming of the Americans as well as the changing mores and times.
• Caricature depicting Manila's periodic police scandals


  • The cartoonist, Fernando Amorsolo, gives the illustration a usual racist edge. The corrupt Filipino policeman is shown with normal features, while the Chinese are caricatured as emaciated, leering creatures more rodent than human.
• Caricature with the caption "New Bird of Prey"


  • An allusion to the most famous libel case in the history of Philippine Journalism. In 1908 the nationalist weekly El Renacimiento published an editorial titled Aves de Rapina (Birds of Prey) which attacked the Philippines commission's secretary of the interior, Dean C. Worcester.
• Manila was a natural breeding ground for malarial mosquitos due to its swampy location, and the Spanish public health procedures were grossly inadequate
• The Philippine Assembly passed a law authorizing all legislators, active or retired, to bear firearms, despite outrage from the Manila press