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• Stratification


  Comes from the Latin word "strata" which means level
• Social Stratification


  The division of a society into different hierarchical layers or strata based on various factors such as wealth, power, status, and occupation. These strata represent unequal distribution of resources, opportunities, and social rewards among individuals or groups within a society.
• Bases of Social Stratification

  • Wealth
  • Power
  • Prestige
• The greater power, wealth and prestige, the more privileges and opportunities one can get.
• Forms of Social Stratification

  • Class
  • Caste
  • Estate
  • Slavery
• Class


  This form of stratification is based on socioeconomic factors such as income, wealth, and occupation. It divides society into distinct social classes, such as the upper class, middle class, and lower class, with varying levels of privilege, power, and access to resources.
• Social Class

  • Lower Class (70%)
  • Middle Class (20%)
  • Upper Class (10%)
• Upper Class


  • Wealthy individuals and families who possess significant financial resources. They own large businesses, corporations, and multiple properties. They have access to high-quality education, healthcare, and exclusive social networks. Members of the upper class often hold influential positions in politics, economy, and society.
• Middle Class


  • Individuals who have a moderate level of income and a relatively comfortable lifestyle. They usually work as professionals, managers, or have successful small businesses. The middle class has access to education and healthcare, although not at the same level as the upper class. They may own property and have some financial stability, but they don't possess the same level of wealth as the upper class.
• Lower Class


  • Individuals who have limited financial resources and struggle to meet their basic needs. They often work in low-wage jobs with limited job security and benefits. The lower class may face challenges in accessing quality education, healthcare, and other essential services. They typically live in economically disadvantaged neighborhoods with limited opportunities for upward mobility.
• According to the data from the Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS), the income classes for an average household of five are as follows:
• Income classification


  • Rich (At least ₱182,000 and up)
  • High income (but not rich) (Between ₱109,200 to ₱182,000)
  • Upper middle income (Between ₱63,700 to ₱109,200)
  • Middle class (Between ₱36,400 to ₱63,700)
  • Lower middle class (Between ₱18,200 to ₱36,400)
  • Low income (but not poor) (Between ₱9,100 to ₱18,200)
  • Poor (Less than ₱9,100)
• Caste System


  A social and hierarchical structure that has its roots in traditional Indian society. It is a system of social stratification that categorizes individuals into distinct groups based on birth, occupation, and social status. Caste systems are characterized by hereditary social rankings, with individuals being born into specific castes that determine their social position, occupation, and social interactions.
• Caste System

  • Brahmins
  • Kshatriyas
  • Vaishyas
  • Shudras
  • Dalits (formerly known as untouchables)
• Estate


  Estate systems were prevalent in feudal societies, where individuals were divided into distinct estates: the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners. Each estate had different rights, privileges, and obligations, with the nobility holding the highest positions of power and authority.
• Estates

  • The First Estate (Clergy)
  • The Second Estate (Nobility)
  • The Third Estate (Everyone else)
• Slavery


  The term 'slave' is used to denote "a man whom law and/or custom regards as the property of another". Slaves are in lower condition and have no political rights. The legal conditions of slave ownership have varied considerably between different societies. Slavery is an extreme form of inequality. Its basis is economic. It has existed almost in all agrarian societies where slaves become an asset in production.
• Social Mobility


  The movement of individuals or groups from one social class or position in the social stratification system to another. It can be upward (moving to a higher social position) or downward (moving to a lower social position). Social mobility is influenced by factors such as education, occupation, and opportunities for advancement.
• Types of Social Mobility

  • Horizontal mobility
  • Vertical mobility
• Horizontal Mobility


  The movement of a person within a social level.
• Vertical Mobility


  The movement of the person between social class levels. The movement may be upward or downward. In other words the person may either rise or fall in the social class structure.
• State


  are organizations created and operated by the government to serve the needs and interests of society.
• state


  primary function of it is to provide essential services to citizens, maintain peace and order, protect national security, and promote the public interest.
• department of education


  a department that responsible for providing education to filipino students.
• Philippine national police (PNP)


  responsible for maintaining peace and order, enforcing the law, and protecting citizens.
• State institutions


  Organizations created and operated by the government to serve the needs and interests of society
• Examples of state institutions

  • Department of Education
  • Philippine National Police (PNP)
  • Commission on Elections (COMELEC)
  • Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth)
  • Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA)
  • Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR)
  • Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)
  • Legislative
  • Executive
  • Judicial
• Non-state institutions


  Organizations that are not created by the government but by private individuals or groups
• Examples of non-state institutions

  • Ayala Foundation
  • ABS-CBN Lingkod Kapamilya Foundation
  • Gawad Kalinga
  • Philippine Red Cross
  • Caritas Manila
  • Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines (CBCP)
  • Habitat for Humanity
  • Save the Children
• Non-state institutions are often funded through donations, grants, and other sources of revenue, and are controlled by their members, as opposed to being controlled by the government like state institutions
• The primary function of non-state institutions is to promote the interests of their members or stakeholders
• Non-state institutions

  • Banks
  • Corporations
  • Cooperatives
  • Trade Unions
  • Transnational Advocacy Groups
  • Development Agencies
  • International Organizations
• Banks


  • Institutions where people deposit their money or savings with corresponding interest on a given period of time
  • Financial institutions and financial intermediaries that accept and channel those deposits into lending activities
• Main functions of banks

  • Depository of savings
  • Responsible for the payments system
  • Issue loans to both people and companies
• Corporations


  • Organizations of people legally bound by a charter to conduct some type of business
  • Separate legal entities owned by shareholders and guided by a board of directors
• Cooperatives


  • Voluntary organizations of people who have agreed to pool their resources together to undertake an economic enterprises
  • Legal entities owned and democratically controlled by their members
• Functions of cooperatives

  • Provide quality goods and services
  • Typically invest in local communities
  • Membership builds social networks and strengthens social cohesion
• Trade unions


  Voluntary associations of either employees, employers, or independent workers to protect and promote their common interests and become an instrument of defense against exploitation and maltreatment
• Purposes of trade unions

  • Negotiate wages and working condition terms
  • Help settle grievances
  • Raise new demands on behalf of its members
• Transnational advocacy groups


  Fluid and open relationships among knowledgeable, committed actors like individuals and organizations that exist to change international policy as well as make these changes real in the daily lives of ordinary people