atoms

• John Dalton


  atomic theory
• dalton atomic theory


  elements are made up of extremely small particles which are atoms
• dalton atomic theory


  atoms of the same element are identical or exactly the same
• dalton atomic theory

  atoms of different elements are different
• dalton atomic theory

  atoms are inseperable
• dalton atomic theory

  atoms of different elements are combined in simple proportions of integers
• dalton atomic theory

  in chemical reaction, atoms are combined, separated, or rearranged
• dalton atomic theory

  atoms cannot be created or destroyed
• atoms of an element do not change into atoms of another element

  dalton atomic theory
• joseph john thomson


  debunked dalton atomic theory that atoms are inseperable because they are in fact divisible, discovered electrons
• Joseph John Thomson assumed a plum pudding model for atoms. Ernest Rutherford demonstrated his mentor was right
• Ernest Rutherford


  discovered protons
• James Chadwick


  discovered neutrons
• if atoms proceeds in an atomic changed we call it ion
• anion


  when a neutral atoms gains an electron
• cation


  losing electrons (positively charged)
• The number of protons is always the same for each element
• if the numbers of electrons and protons are not the same, the atoms will have electric change. this will result for an atom to become ion
• ion: an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons
• changing the number of neutrons of an atom does not change the element but it makes varieties of it

  isotopes
• number of protons - isotopic number

  number of neutrons
• protons + neutrons

  isotopic number
• application of isotopes are noted in field of medicine
• number of protons - isotopic number

  number of neutrons
• chemical nomenclature


  systematic ways of naming compounds by chemists
• cations typical changes can be named in two ways

  1. placing roman numeral in parenthesis after the metal name
  2. ending the root with -ous or -ic (older method)
• cations from nonmetal atoms ends with -ium
• naming anion

  • monotomic (-ide)
  • oxyanions (-ate or -ite)
  • additions of H+ (dehydrogen or bi-)
• cations and anions are components that form ionic compounds
• ionic compounds

  1. binary
  2. ternary
• binary molecular compounds consist of two nonmetal elements forming covalent bonds
• thomson


  discovered that atoms have easy to move electrons
• rutherford 


  discovered the nucleus suggested the planetary model
• quantum mechanics is the study of the behaviour of subatomic particles and their interactions
• Pauli's exclusion principle


  there cannot be more than 2 electrons in any specific orbital
• spin quantum number


  has two possible values: spin up (+1/2) and spin down (-1/2)
• principal quantum number


  indicated by integers , higher values means orbitals have higher energy so as the electron in that orbital
• angular momentum quantum number


  indicates the orbital shape (s, p, d, f)
• magnetic quantum number


  describes the orbital orientation in space by values between -a to +a including zero
• electron shell


  consists of orbitals with the same value of n (principal quantum number)