WEEK 7 - CONCEPT OF COMMUNITY HEALTH

• Community/Public Health

  • The  science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical health and efficient through:
  • organized community efforts and informed choices of society,
  • private and public communities, communities and individuals for the sanitation of the environment,
  • control of community infections,
  • the education of the individual in principles of personal hygiene,
  • the organization of medical and nursing services for the early diagnosis and preventive treatment of disease, and 
  • the development of social machinery
• Community/Public Health

  • Which will ensure to every in the community a standard of living adequate for the maintenance of health. (Winslow, 1920)
• Community/Public Health - It is concerned with threats to the overall health of a community based on population health analysis.
• Community/Public Health - Ecological in perspective, multi-sectoral in scope and collaborative in strategy. 
• Community/Public Health

  • It aims to improve the health of the community through an organized community effort. 
• TWO BROAD AREAS OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE

  1. Public Health
  2. Risk Factor Evaluation
• Public Health

  •  includes programs and activities directed at community level and will benefit everyone or individuals who are not currently under the care of physicians.  
• Risk Factor Evaluation

  •  includes programs and activities directed at individuals who are currently under the care of a physician who evaluates them for high-risk factors that can cause disease, educates them about good habits and screens them for appropriate conditions. 
• HEALTH

  • A status of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity regarded as a person's physical and psychological capacity to establish and maintain balance.
  • Successful defense of the host against forces that disturb body equilibrium.
• ASPECTS OF HEALTH

  1. Physical Health - refers to a condition that enables a person to maintain a strong and healthy body.
  2. Mental Health - refers to how a person feels, thinks of himself, controls his emotions and adjusts to the environment. 
  3. Social Health - refers to how a person feels, thinks and acts towards everybody around him. 
• Determinants of Health

  • Income and Social Status
  • Education
  • Physical Environment
  • Employment and Working Conditions
  • Social Support Networks
  • Culture
  • Genetics
  • Personal Behavior and Coping Skills
  • Health Services
  • Gender
• Income and Social Status

  Higher income and social status are linked to better health
• Education


  Low education levels are linked with poor health, more stress and lower self confidence
• Physical Environment


  Safe water and clean air, healthy workplace, safe houses, communities and roads all contribute to good health
• Employment and Working Conditions


  People in employment are healthier, particularly those who have control over their working conditions
• Social Support Networks


  Greater support from families, friends and communities is linked to better health
• Culture


  Customs, traditions, and the beliefs of the family and community all affect health
• Genetics


  Inheritance plays a part in determining lifespan, healthiness and the likelihood of developing certain illnesses
• Personal Behavior and Coping Skills


  Balanced eating, keeping active, smoking, drinking and how to deal with life's stresses and challenges all affect health
• Health Services


  Access and use of services that prevent and treat disease influence health
• Gender


  Men and women suffer from different types of diseases at different ages
• Disease - Failure of the body’s defense mechanism to cope with forces tending to disturb body equilibrium. 
• Primary Health Care (PHC) - WHO defines PHC as an essential health care made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community by means acceptable to them through their full participation and at a cost that the community and country can afford at every stage of development. 
• ELEMENTS/COMPONENTS OF PHC

  1. Environmental Sanitation
  2. Control of communicable disease
  3. Immunization
  4. Health Education
  5. MCH and Family Planning
  6. Adequate Food and Proper Nutrition
  7. Provision of Medical Care and Emergency Treatment
  8. Treatment of Locally Endemic Diseases
  9. Provision of Essential Drugs
• FOUR CORNERSTONES/PILLARS IN PHC

  1. Active community participation
  2. Intra and inter-sectoral linkages
  3. Use of appropriate technology
  4. Support mechanism made available
• LEVELS OF HEALTH CARE REFERRAL SYSTEM

  • Barangay Health Stations
  • Rural Health Unit
  • Community Hospitals & Health Centers
  • Private Practitioners / Puericulture Centers
  • Emergency/District Hospitals
  • Provincial/City Health Services, Provincial/City Hospitals
  • Regional Health Services
  • Regional Medical Centers
  • Training Hospitals
  • National Health Services, Medical Centers, Teaching and Training Hospitals
• LEVELS OF HEALTH CARE FACILITIES

  1. Primary Health Care Services
  2. Secondary Health Care Services
  3. Tertiary Health Care Services
• THREE LEVELS OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE WORKERS

  1. Village or Grassroot Health Workers 
  2. Intermediate Level Health Workers
  3. First Line Hospital Personnel 
• Village or Grassroot Health Workers 

  • first contacts
  • socio-economic
  • curative and preventive

  1. Community health worker, volunteers or traditional birth attendants 
• Intermediate Level Health Workers

  • first source
  • provide support
  • attends to health problems

  1. Medical practitioners, nurses and midwives 
• First Line Hospital Personnel 

  • Establish close contact
  • Backup health services

  1. Physicians with specialty, nurses, dentist, pharmacists, other health professionals, 
• Primary Level of Care

  • It is health care provided by center physicians, public health nurses, rural midwives, barangay health workers, traditional healers, and others at the barangay health stations and rural health units. 
  • First contact between the community members and the other levels of the health facility. 
• Secondary Level of Care

  • Given by physicians with basic health training. 
  • It is usually given in health facilities privately owned or government operated such as infirmaries, municipal and district hospitals and out-patient departments of provincial hospitals. 
  • This serves as the referral center for the primary health facilities. Secondary facilities are capable of performing minor surgeries and perform some simple laboratory examinations. 
• Tertiary Level of Care

  • Tertiary care is rendered by specialists in health facilities including medical centers as well as regional and provincial hospitals and specialized hospitals. 
  • Complicated cases and intensive care requires tertiary care and all these can be provided by the tertiary care facility. 
• CONCEPT OF COMMUNITY HEALTH

  • Working together to help people themselves, not merely to survive but also achieve the maximum potential. 
• FOUR PRIORITIES IN PUBLIC HEALTH

  1. Survival of Man
  2. Prevention of conditions which lead to destruction or retardation of human function and potential in the years of life.
  3. Achievement of human potential and prevention of the loss of productivity of young adults and those on the middle period of life
  4. Improvement of the quality of life, especially in the later years
• STRUCTURE OF THE PHILIPPINE HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM

  HEALTH RESOURCES

  1. Rural Health Unit (RHU) and their sub-centers
  2. Chest clinics, Malaria Eradication Units and Schistosomiasis Control Unit
  3. Tuberculosis clinics and Hospitals of the PTBs
  4. Private Clinics
  5. Clinics run by PMA
  6. Community Hospitals and Health Services Centers sun by Philippine Medical Care Commission (PMCC )
  7. Voluntary Health Facilities run by religious and civic groups
• DIVISION OF HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM
• DIVISION OF HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM

  Government

  • The primary government agency in the field of health runs the bulk of the government health facilities is the Department of Health.  

  Mixed Sectors

  • Governed by the government and also includes the management of different private sectors. 

  Private Sectors

  • Private hospitals and clinics. Different health care in the Philippines. 
•   RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE DOH

  • Ensuring the access to basic health services to all Filipinos through the provision of quality health care. 
  • Formulation and development of national health policies, guidelines, standards and manual operation for health services and programs. 
  • Issuance of rules and regulations, licenses, and accreditation.
  • Promulgation of the national standards, goals, priorities, and indicators.
  • Development of special health programs and projects.