STATISTICS

• Population - entire collection of observations such as people or objects being considered.
• Sample - small portion or part of the population. It refers to a subgroup, subset, or representative of a population.
• Parameter – a numerical description of a population characteristic.
• Statistic – a numerical description of a sample characteristic.
• Data - collection of facts or a set of information or observations under study .
• Qualitative variable – can be separated into different categories that are distinguished by some nonnumerical characteristics.
• Quantitative variable – consists of numbers representing counts or measurements.
• Continuous – result from many possible infinite values that correspond to some continuous scale.
• Nominal – characterized by data that consists of categories only.
• Ordinal – involves data that may be arranged in some order
• Interval - the distance between attributes does have meaning.
• Ratio – include the inherent zero starting point (where zero indicates that none of the quantity is present)
• A statistical instrument is any process that aim at describing a phenomenon by using any instrument or device, however the results may be used as a control tool.
• Gathering Data - A way of collecting facts or information that are factual and accurate.
• Organizing Data (quantitative) - A way of organizing raw data in a systematic or tabular form.
• Representing Data - A way of presenting a data using graphs: a. Line d. ogive b. Bar e. histogram c. Pie/Circle
• Line graph - uses lines to connect individual data points that display quantitative values over a specified time interval
• Bar graph – used to emphasize comparison
• Pie/Circle graph – helps in understanding percent or part of a whol
• Histogram – a representation of a frequency distribution by means of rectangles whose widths represent class intervals and whose areas are proportional to the corresponding frequencies
• Ogive – a graph of a cumulative distribution function or a cumulative frequency distribution.