TOA reviewer

• Point


  Indicates a position of a space, no dimension
• Line


  Direction, length, position, a point that is extended
• Plane


  A line extended, length and width, shape, surface, orientation, position
• Volume


  A plane extended, form and space, length, width, depth, surface, orientation, position
• Louis Kahn: 'Architecture is the thoughtful making of space'
• Solids and Voids


  There is no solid without a void and there is no void without solid, Void being the space
• Spatial Relationships


  • Space within a space
  • Adjacent Spaces
  • Spaces Linked by a Common Space
• Spatial Organizations


  • Centralized Organization
  • Linear Organization
  • Radial Organization
  • Clustered Organization
  • Grid Organization
• Centralized Organization


  • A central, dominant space about which a number of secondary spaces are grouped, A centralized organization is a stable, concentrated composition
• Linear Organization


  • A linear sequence of repetitive spaces, To limit their growth, linear organizations can be terminated by a dominant space or form, by an elaborate or articulated entrance, or by merging with another building form or the topography of its site
• Radial Organization


  • A central space from which linear organizations of space extend in a radial manner, A radial organization of space combines elements of both centralized and linear organizations
• Clustered Organization


  • Spaces grouped by proximity or the sharing of a common visual trait or relationship, A clustered organization can also accept within its composition spaces that are dissimilar in size, form, and function, but related to one another by proximity or a visual ordering device such as symmetry or an axis
• Grid Organization


  • Spaces organized within the field of a structural grid or other three-dimensional framework, A grid is created by two, usually perpendicular, sets of parallel lines that establish a regular pattern of points at their intersections
• Order without diversity can result in monotony or boredom; diversity without order can produce chaos. A sense of unity with variety is the ideal.
• Order Principles


  • Axis
  • Symmetry
  • Hierarchy
  • Datum
  • Rhythm
  • Fenestration
• Axis


  A line established by two points in space, about which forms and spaces can be arranged in a symmetrical or balanced manner
• Symmetry


  The balanced distribution and arrangement of equivalent forms and spaces on opposite sides of a dividing line or plane, or about a center or axis
• Hierarchy


  The articulation of the importance or significance of a form or space by its size, shape, or placement relative to the other forms and spaces of the organization
• Datum


  A line, plane, or volume that, by its continuity and regularity, serves to gather, measure, and organize a pattern of forms and spaces
• Rhythm


  A unifying movement characterized by a patterned repetition or alternation of formal elements or motifs in the same or a modified form
• Fenestration


  Arrangement of doors and windows of the building
• Architecture


  Art and science of designing and constructing buildings
• Arkhitekton


  Ancient Greek word for chief builder / master technician of all craftsman and artisans
• Meanings of architecture


  • "art bridging the humanities and the sciences" (Holl, 2012)
  • "structures built in accordance with aesthetic and functional criteria" (Harris, 1975)
  • "scientific art of making structure express ideas; triumph of human imagination over materials, methods, and men to put man into possession of his own earth; man's great sense of himself embodied in a world of his own making" (Wright, 1930)
  • "art, science or profession of planning, designing and constructing buildings in their totality, taking into account their environment, in accordance with the principles of utility, strength, and beauty" (R.A. 9266, 2004)
• Left brain dominance


  • Pays attention to pattern, measurements
  • Focuses on meeting deadlines
  • Understanding building and design codes
  • Paying bills
  • Setting appointments and remembering them
  • Going to sleep at 10pm
• Right brain dominance


  • Focuses on possibilities and potential of new projects, easily excited by each option
  • Controls arriving late at every meeting or appointment
  • Spending money on a pen
  • Wearing a scarf in July
  • Leaving sticky notes in pocket
• Why study architecture:
• The sum issues of protecting our built environment emerge to preserve it, and to make the new environment a beautiful one
• Architecture includes our culture and social environment
• Architect


  Person professionally and academically qualified, registered and licensed, responsible for advocating the fair and sustainable development, welfare and cultural expression of society's habitat in terms of space, forms and historical context
• Qualifications of an architect

  • Academically qualified: 5 years Bachelors Degree in Architecture, Board Exam Passes
  • Professionally qualified: 2 years of architecture practice (apprenticeship), Registered and Licensed (RLA)
• Notable local and international architects

  • Imhotep
  • Frank Lloyd Wright
  • Le Corbusier
  • Frank Gehry
  • Zaha Hadid
  • Antonio Gaudi
  • Felix Roxas y Arroyo
  • Juan Arellano
  • Juan Nakpil
  • Leandro Locsin
  • Francisco "Bobby" Manosa
• What an architect does

  Prepares design development and construction drawings (site development plans, floor plans, elevations, sections, perspectives and other related construction documents)
• What architects design


  • Residential Buildings
  • Shopping Centers / Malls
  • CBD (Central Business Districts) / Commercial Complex
  • Towers and High Rises / Skyscrapers
  • Schools / Libraries
  • Restaurants / Shops
  • Government Buildings / Offices
  • Airports / Seaports / Train Stations
  • Resorts / Hotel and Casino
  • Churches / Chapels / Cathedrals
  • Hospitals / Healthcare Facilities
• Historical and cultural structures & landmarks

  • Pyramids (Egypt)
  • Florence Cathedral (Italy)
  • Hagia Sophia (Turkey)
  • Parthenon (Athens, Greece)
  • St. Peter's Square and Basilica (Vatican City)
  • Sagrada Familia (Spain)
• Fields and expertise of an architect

  • 3D Visualizer / Operator
  • Photography
  • Consultant
  • Heritage Architect
  • Academe / Professor
  • Construction Manager
  • Landscape Architect
  • Urban Planner
• Specialized allied services


  • Architectural Interiors (AI)
  • Acoustics, Communication & Electronic Engineering Services
  • Architectural Lightning Layout and Design
  • Historic and Cultural Heritage Conservation and Planning
  • Site Development Planning (SDP)
  • Site and Physical Planning Services
  • Comprehensive Development Planning
  • Security Evaluation and Planning
  • Building System Design
  • Facilities Maintenance Support
  • Building Testing and Commissioning
  • Building Environmental Certification
• Marcus Vitruvius Pollo: 'May the Architect be high-minded; not arrogant, but faithful; Just, and easy to deal with, without avarice; Not let his mind be occupied in receiving gifts, But let him preserve his good name with dignity'
• Architectural systems and orders - Physical order

  • Space - Three (3) dimensional field in which objects or events occur (circulation and / or movements)
  • Structure - Supports the entire building
  • Enclosure
  • Machines
• Architectural systems and orders - Perceptual order

  • Approach and Departure
  • Entry and Egress
  • Movement through the Order of Space
  • Functioning of Activities Within a Space
  • Qualities of Light and Colors
  • Texture, Views, and Sound