Architecture

• Architectural Periods


  • Prehistoric
  • Ancient Egypt
  • Mesopotamia
  • Classical (Greek & Roman)
  • Byzantine
  • Romanesque
  • Gothic
  • Renaissance
  • Baroque
  • Rococo
  • Neoclassicism
  • Art Nouveau
  • Beaux Arts
  • Neo-Gothic
  • Art Deco
  • Modernist Style
  • Postmodernism
• Prehistoric architecture


  Earthen mounds, stone circles, megaliths, and structures that often puzzle modern-day archaeologists
• Ancient Egyptian architecture


  • Monumental pyramids, temples, and shrines
  • Feats of engineering capable of reaching great heights
• Mesopotamian architecture


  West Asiatic Architecture flourished & developed in the Twin Rivers "Tigris & Euphrates also known as "Mesopotamia" it refers to Persia, Assyria & Babylon
• Classical (Greek & Roman) architecture


  • Great buildings were constructed according to precise rules
  • The Classical Orders, which defined column styles and entablature designs, continue to influence building design in modern times
• Byzantine architecture


  • Graceful, classically-inspired style that used brick instead of stone, domed roofs, elaborate mosaics, and classical forms
• Romanesque architecture


  • Heavier, stocky with rounded arches
  • Churches and castles of the early Medieval period were constructed with thick walls and heavy piers
• Gothic architecture


  • Pointed arches, ribbed vaulting, flying buttresses, and other innovations led to taller, more graceful architecture
  • Gave rise to magnificent cathedrals like Chartres and Notre Dame
• Renaissance architecture


  • A return to classical ideas ushered an "age of awakening" in Italy, France, and England
  • Andrea Palladio and other builders looked the classical orders of ancient Greece and Rome
• Baroque architecture


  • Opulent and dramatic churches with irregular shapes and extravagant ornamentation
  • Highly ornamented Baroque style combines with Classical restraint
• Rococo architecture


  • Graceful white buildings with sweeping curves
  • Elegantly decorated with scrolls, vines, shell-shapes, and delicate geometric patterns
• Neoclassical architecture


  • Proportioned according to the classical orders with details borrowed from ancient Greece and Rome
• Art Nouveau architecture


  • Asymmetrical shapes, arches and decorative surfaces with curved, plant-like designs
• Beaux Arts architecture


  • Characterized by order, symmetry, formal design, grandiosity, and elaborate ornamentation
• Neo-Gothic architecture


  • Gothic ideas were applied to modern buildings
  • Gargoyles, arched windows, and other medieval details ornamented soaring skyscrapers
• Art Deco architecture


  • Zigzag patterns and vertical lines create dramatic effect
  • Many motifs were inspired by the architecture of ancient Egypt
• Modernist Style architecture


  • Dramatic changes and astonishing diversity
  • Includes Art Moderne, Bauhaus School, Deconstructivism, Formalism, Modernism, and Structuralism
• Postmodern architecture


  • A reaction against the Modernist approaches
  • Re-invented historical details and familiar motifs
• Movements in Architecture


  • Chicago School of Architecture
  • Art Nouveau Architecture
  • Revivalist Architecture
  • New York School of Skyscraper Architecture
  • Early Modernist Architecture
  • Expressionist Architecture
  • De Stijl Avant-Garde Architecture
• Chicago School of Architecture


  • Groundbreaking, no unified set of principles, employed many different designs, construction techniques and materials
  • New foundation techniques, metal skeleton frames, use of steel and iron
• Chicago School Architects


  • William Holabird & Martin Roche
  • Daniel Hudson Burnham & John Wellborn Root
  • Dankmar Adler & Louis Sullivan
• Art Nouveau architecture


  • Characterized by flowing lines, and abstract floral motifs
  • Closely associated with the Arts and Crafts movement
• Revivalist architecture


  • Designers turned to the past for inspiration
  • Reached its apogee in 19th century architecture, but continued into the 20th century
• New York School of Skyscraper Architecture

  • Steel-frame high-rise architecture pioneered in the 19th century
  • Rapid development but limited available space led to building upwards
• Famous New York Skyscrapers

  • Park Row Building
  • Flat-iron Building
  • Philadelphia City Hall
  • Singer Building
  • Metropolitan Tower
  • Woolworth Building
  • Empire State Building
  • Daily News Building
  • Chanin Building
  • Lincoln Building
  • Bank of Manhattan Trust Building
  • Chrysler Building
  • Rockefeller Center
• Early Modernist Architecture


  • Relatively devoid of historical associations
  • Made full use of the latest building techniques and materials
  • Functionality was a key aspect
• Expressionist Architecture


  • Rebelled against the functionalist industrial-style structures of modernist architecture
  • Preferred more sinuous or highly articulated forms, including curves, spirals and non-symmetrical elements
• De Stijl Avant-Garde Architecture

  • Influenced by Concrete art and Neoplasticism
  • Emphasized simplicity, abstraction and the use of primary colours
• Hans Poelzig


  Designed Grosses Schauspielhaus, Berlin (1919)
• Max Berg


  Designer of the Centenary Hall, Beslau-Scheitnig (1913)
• Bruno Taut


  Designed the Glass Pavilion (1914) at the Cologne Deutsche Werkbund Exposition
• Michel de Klerk


  Co-designed the Scheepvaarthuis, Amsterdam (1918)
• Johannes Friedrich (Fritz) Hoger


  Designed Chilehaus, Hamburg (1921-4)
• Erich Mendelsohn


  Designer of Einstein Tower, Potsdam (1924)
• De Stijl Avant-Garde Architecture

  Characterized by austere geometrical shapes, right-angles, and primary colors
• Robert van't Hoff


  Preoccupied during his De Stijl period with Communist politics and designs for prefabricated mass housing, worked out in collaboration with the Utrecht architect P.J.C.Klaarhamer
• Gerrit Rietveld


  His most famous designs included his Rietveld Schroder House, Utrecht (1924), now a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and his Red and Blue Chair (1917)
• J.J.P. Oud


  Highly influential, the Municipal Housing Architect for Rotterdam, JJP Oud was a key participant in the influential modernist Weissenhof Estate Exhibition (1927)
• Eigen Haard Estate, Amsterdam (1920)


  Designed by Michel de Klerk
• Works Housing Estate, Hoek van Holland (1924)


  Designed by JPP Oud