Exam Study - Materials

• Alloys


  Metallic substances composed of 2 or more elements
• Bronze


  An alloy made up of Copper (Cu) and Tin (Sn)
• Brass


  An alloy made up of Copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn)
• Iron


  A metal element that naturally occurs on earth
• Steel


  An alloy made up of Iron and Carbon
• Strength of a material


  Its ability to withstand an applied force without breaking
• Necking


  When tension is applied, the material gets longer while the middle of the material gets thinner and weaker
• Compressive strength


  The maximum stress a material can withstand when forced to a compressive (squeezing) force before breaking/failing
• Shear strength


  The maximum stress a material can withstand before it yields/ permanent deformation to applied shear force
• Yield strength


  The amount of stress determined by performing a tensile or compressive test at which the material begins to experience plastic (permanent) deformation
• Ultimate strength


  The maximum stress a material can experience between complete failure
• Density


  Mass (m) / Volume (v)
• Nucleus of an atom

  Protons and Neutrons
• Solid crystal


  A 3D arrangement of atoms, molecules, and ions that are packed together in an ordered and repetitive pattern, known as a crystal lattice
• Entropy


  The measure of disordered or randomness in a system
• Atomic packing factor

  A measure of how efficiently atoms are packed together within a given volume
• Polymorphism


  More than one multiple structure
• Crystallographic planes


  Imaginary surfaces within a crystal lattice that are defined by the arrangement of atoms in the crystal structure
• Stress


  A material's internal resistance to external deformation based on applied forces
• Tensile stress


  Stress that tends to stretch a material
• Compressive stress


  Stress that tends to compress a material
• Shear stress


  Stress that acts parallel to the surface of a material, causing one layer of the material to slide relative to another layer
• Strain


  A measure of change in a shape in response to stress
• Tensile strain


  The action of stretching a material along its length
• Compressive strain


  The compression (or shortening) of a material along its length
• Shear strain


  The change in shape resulting from Shear Stress (Cause of one layer to slide parallel)
• Ductility


  The ability of a material to undergo plastic deformation without fracturing