Science

• Universe and Solar System.

  The universe is an incredibly vast expanse that includes everything that exists, from the smallest particles to the largest galaxies. It's home to countless stars, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, and more. Our solar system is just a tiny part of this immense cosmos.
• Hypothesis


  Proposition that requires experimentation to be proven
• Model


  Representation of anything that explains the phenomenon
• Theory


  Explanation that can be verified repeatedly
• Law


  Explanation or prediction of a natural phenomenon
• The Formation of the Universe

  1. Big Bang

  2. Cosmic Evolution

  3. Formation of Elements
• The Big Bang Theory


  • Expanding Universe
  • Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
  • Cosmic Evolution
• The Steady State Theory

  • Continuous Creation
  • Challenges
  • Historical Significance
• The Nebular Hypothesis


  1. Solar Nebula Formation

  2. Planetary Formation

  3. Continued Relevance
• The Ptolemaic System


  • Geocentric Model
  • Eccentric Orbits
  • Historical Context
• The Copernican Revolution


  • Heliocentric Model
  • Scientific Impact
  • Cultural Influence
• The Heliocentric Model


  • Planetary Orbits
  • Ecliptic Plane
  • Developer
• Modern Theories and Ongoing Research

  • Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
  • Dark Matter and Dark Energy
  • Theory of Inflation
  • Multiverse Hypothesis
• Geological Disciplines


  • Geology
  • Physical Geography
  • Geophysics
  • Soil Sciences
  • Oceanography/Hydrology
  • Glaciology
  • Atmospheric Sciences
• The Structure of the Solar System

  • Planets
  • Asteroid Belt
  • Kuiper Belt
• The Sun: The Center of Our Solar System

  • Energy Source
  • Composition
  • Solar Flares
• The Milky Way Galaxy: Our Home in the Universe

  • Spiral Structure
  • Billions of Stars
  • Black Hole at the Center
• The Planets: An Overview of the Eight Planets

  • Mercury
  • Venus
  • Earth
  • Mars
  • Jupiter
  • Saturn
  • Uranus
  • Neptune
• Moons, Asteroids, and Comets

  • Natural Satellites
  • Asteroids
  • Comets
• Formation of the Earth

  1. Nebular Hypothesis

  2. Accretion and Differentiation

  3. Cooling and Solidification
• Layers of the Earth

  • Crust
  • Mantle
  • Core
• Composition and Characteristics of the Earth's Crust

  • Mineral Diversity
  • Thickness Variability
  • Lithosphere Formation
• Crust: Composition and Characteristics

  • Composition
  • Characteristics
• The Earth's Mantle


  • Structure
  • Properties
• Mantle: Structure and Properties


  • Upper Mantle
  • Lower Mantle
• Convection


  Heat transfer mechanism in the Earth's mantle that drives geological processes
• The Earth's Core


  • Outer Core
  • Inner Core
• Mantle


  • Characterized by convection currents that circulate molten rock, generating movements that impact the Earth's surface through plate tectonics
• Mantle structure


  • Upper Mantle
  • Lower Mantle
• Upper Mantle


  • Plays a critical role in the movement of tectonic plates, resulting in phenomena such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and the creation of oceanic crust through seafloor spreading
• Lower Mantle


  • Deeper within the Earth, exhibits higher temperatures and pressures, leading to complex mineral formations and convection currents that influence the Earth's geodynamic processes
• Convection


  Heat transfer mechanism in the Earth's mantle that facilitates the transfer of heat from the Earth's interior to its surface, driving essential geological processes
• Convection in the Earth's mantle

  • Influences the movement of tectonic plates, leading to phenomena such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and mountain formation
• Earth's core

  • Outer Core
  • Inner Core
• Outer Core


  • Composed of molten iron and nickel, generates the Earth's magnetic field, offering protection from solar winds and radiation
• Inner Core


  • Consists of a solid, superheated metal due to intense pressure, contributing to the Earth's magnetic properties and overall structure
• Outer Core


  • Liquid layer that generates the Earth's magnetic field through the movement of conductive materials, primarily consisting of molten iron and nickel
• Inner Core


  • At the Earth's center, solid due to immense pressure
• Tectonic Plate Interactions


  • The Earth's internal structure directly impacts the movement and interactions of tectonic plates, leading to the formation of various landforms and geological events
• Subduction and Seafloor Spreading

  • Processes driven by the internal dynamics of the Earth, influencing the Earth's surface features and the distribution of continents