Tumor Markers

• Tumor Markers: Primary Use

  • Establish prognosis
  • Monitor results of therapy
  • Detect recurrence
• Tumor markers is not a major tool for diagnosis
• Enzyme Tumor Markers


  • Alkaline Phosphatase
  • Lactate Dehydrogenase
• Alkaline Phosphatase


  Liver, bone; nonspecific elevation in many bone-related and liver cancers
• Lactate Dehydrogenase


  Prognostic indicator: elevated nonspecifically in numerous cancers
• Neuron-Specific Enolase


  Neuroendocrine tumors
• Prostate-Specific Antigen


  Prostate cancer
• CEA (Carcinoembryonic Antigen)


  Colorectal cancer, Others (breast, gastric, prostate, ovarian, bladder cancer)
• Cancer Antigen 125


  Ovarian cancer, Others (pregnancy, benign cyst)
• Cancer Antigen 15.3


  Breast cancer, Others (lung, pancreatic, colorectal, liver cancer)
• Cancer Antigen 19.9


  Pancreatic cancer, Others (hepatobillary, gastric, colorectal)
• Cancer Antigen 27.29


  Breast Cancer
• Calcitonin


  Medullary thyroid cancer
• Gastrin


  Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
• Chromogranin A


  Pheochromocytoma
• FOBT (Fecal Occult Blood Test)

  Colorectal cancer
• HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin)


  Choriocarcinoma, Hydatidiform mole, Teratocarcinoma, Seminoma
• NMP 22 (Nuclear Matrix Protein Number 22)


  Urinary bladder cancer
• ER/PR (Estrogen Receptor Or Progesterone Receptor)


  Determines if breast tumor is amenable to hormone therapy
• HER2/NEU


  Breast cancer
• TDT (Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase)

  Lymphoblastic leukemia
• Breast Cancer Tumor Markers


  • CA 15.3
  • CA 549
  • CA 27.29
  • HER2/NEU
  • CEA
• 5-HIAA (5-Hydroxyindolacetic Acid)


  Argentaffinoma
• Alpha Fetoprotein (AFP)


  Liver cancer, Testicular cancer, Germ cell tumor
• CYFRA 21-1 (Cytokeratin Fraction 21-1)


  Squamous cell lung cancer
• HUA/VMA

  Pheochromocytoma
• Cancer Antigen 50


  gastric and pancreatic cancer
• Cancer Antigen 549


  Malignant breast, Lungs, Prostate, Colon Cancer