reading & writing

• persuasion - convinces readers to agree with an argument or claim about a specific topic
• establishes the topic, presents the thesis statement, captures the reader's interest - the three parts of introduction
• starting statistic, thought-provoking question, compelling anecdote - 3 ways to capture the reader's interest
• body paragraphs - develops supporting arguments with evidence and addresses counterarguments
• conclusion - summarizes key points, reinforces the thesis, and may call for specific action or further consideration
• cause and effect - written to help your readers understand why something happened or is happening, and how one thing affects something else
• cause - what made an event or particular thing happen
• effect - what happens as a result of the event
• cause to effect - the cause, which can be an event or action, can be stated right at the beginning of a paragraph, followed by sentences starting the event. this type of organization is best for explaining a single cause with different effects
• effect to cause - the effect can be stated at the beginning of the text, followed by sentences and paragraphs that expound on the causes. this type of organization is best for presenting a single effect with different causes
• consecutive cause and effect - the causes, each with its corresponding effect, are tackled one by one in a few sentences or a paragraph. the writer explains each cause and effect completely before moving on to the next cause and effect
• critical reading - wherein the author analyzes the text to find out the author's purpose in writing the text, and to assess how the author is able to achieve or not the best purpose for the text
• understanding unfamiliar words / context clues - Helps you figure out the meaning of an unfamiliar word by looking for other familiar words that surround it or by looking at its structure, synonyms, antonyms, definitions, and general

  context
• finding the main idea / skimming - Helps you find the main idea by quickly looking at the text for the most frequently repeated words and finding the writer’s overall idea based on the supporting details.
• finding specific details / scanning - Helps you find the specific information that you need by allowing your eyes to read the text as quickly as possible until the target information is spotted.
• Distinguishing general from specific ideas - Helps you determine the main idea from supporting details by drawing shapes that represent the ideas them connecting in a map.
• mapping - Helps you determine the main idea from supporting details by drawing shapes that represent the ideas them connecting in a

  map.
• organizing ideas - Help you see how ideas are related through

  their arrangement in tables, graphs, diagrams, and other visuals.
• graphic organizers - Help you see how ideas are related through

  their arrangement in tables, graphs, diagrams, and other visuals.
• reading a long text - Helps you find the relevance by writing

  down what you already know (K), what you want to know (W), and what you have learned after reading the text (L).
• using kwl - Helps you find the relevance by writing

  down what you already know (K), what you want to know (W), and what you have learned after reading the text (L).
• Remembering the text essential information - SQ3R is a study method designed to improve comprehension and retention when reading

  textbooks or other informational texts. The acronym stands for Survey, Question, Read, Recite, and Review.
• Survey, Question, Read, Recite, and Review - SQ3R
• Using SQ3R - SQ3R is a study method designed to improve comprehension and retention when readingtextbooks or other informational texts. The acronym stands for Survey, Question, Read, Recite, and Review.
• Hasty Generalization - Concluding without enough basis or proof
• False Analogy - Making a misleading comparison because the two cases are not comparable against each other
• Begging the question - Considering an argument a fact
• Red Herring - Introducing irrelevant information to divert the topic from

  the real issue
• Bandwagon - Stating that everyone is doing a particular thing and

  implying that the reader should do the same thing
• Appeal to authority - Claiming that an argument is supported by an authority or the writer is an authority on the subject
• Circular Reasoning - Restating the argument and not providing support for it
• argument - a statement of opinion that aims to persuade or

  to inform
• claim of fact, claim of policy, claim of value - types of claim
• Claim of Fact - is when a writer asserts that a particular statement is true or accurate
• Claim of Policy - involves asserting that a specific course of action or policy should be implemented. The writer advocates for a change in behavior, practice, or policy based on their argument
• Claim of Value - expresses the writer's judgment about the significance or worth of something. It involves asserting that something is good, bad, desirable, or important based on subjective criteria. This type of claim often appeals to the reader's sense of morality, ethics, or personal beliefs
• problem solving - the type of writing that focuses on either a problem or a solution in a particular area or situation
• problem- oriented approach - identify the problem and present the possible solutions to it
• solution-oriented approach - identify a solution and present problems that motivated it
• comparative approach - identify a problem, present possible solutions, and then determine the best solution from the possible solutions

  presented