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Clinical Chemistry II
Vitamins
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Vitamins
Essential organic substances
that the body cannot
synthesize
or does not sufficiently
synthesize
Vitamins are present in almost
all
foods, but
no
single
food
group
is the source of all vitamins
Functions of vitamins
Antioxidant
Enzyme
cofactor
Hormones
and important in
blood
cell maturation
Bone
formation and active in
energy
metabolism
Vitamin
A
(
Retinol
)
Maintenance of good
vision
, resistance to
infection
Vitamin
A
deficiency can cause night blindness,
growth retardation
,
abnormal taste response
,
dermatitis
Vitamin
E
(
Tocopherols
)
Antioxidant
, important for
cellular
respiration
Vitamin
D2
(Ergocalciferol, Cholecalciferol)
Helps body absorb calcium & phosphorus,
Vitamin
D2
deficiency can cause rickets (young), and osteomalacia (adult)
Vitamin
K
(
Phytomenadione
)
Cofactor of
procoagulants
like
prothrombin
Vitamin
K
deficiency can cause
bleeding
disorder
and
hemorrhage
Fat Soluble Vitamins
• Vitamin
A
• Vitamin
E
• Vitamin
D2
• Vitamin
D3
• Vitamin
K
Vitamin
D3
activated
sterol-1
,
25 dihydroxycholecalciferol
aids in absorption of dietary
calcium
Vitamin
D3
deficiency can cause
hypocalcemia
Vitamin
E deficiency
can cause mild
hemolytic anemia
in newborn,
RBC
fragility
, and
ataxia
which is a
degenerative
disease for nervous system
Water Soluble Vitamins
B1
(
Thiamine
)
B2
(
Riboflavin
)
B3
(
Pantothenic
acid)
B6
(
Pyridoxine
,
pyridoxal
)
B12
(
Cyanocobalamin
)
Ascorbic
acid (
Vitamin
C)
Biotin
Carnitine
Folic
acid (
Pteroylglutamic
acid
)
Niacin
or
Niacinamide
(
Nicotinic
Acid)
B1
(
Thiamine
)
Enzyme
cofactor
B2
(
Riboflavin
)
Enzyme
cofactor
B3
(
Pantothenic acid
)
Enzyme
cofactor
B6
(
Pyridoxine
, pyridoxal)
Enzyme
cofactor
B12
(
Cyanocobalamin
)
Synthesis of
DNA
and
folate
Ascorbic acid
(Vitamin C)
Hydroxylation
of
collagen
, participates in
redox
reaction
Biotin
Enzyme
cofactor
Carnitine
Fat catabolism
Folic acid
(
Pteroylglutamic
acid)
Synthesis of
amino acids
and
DNA
Niacin
or
Niacinamide
(Nicotinic Acid)
Enzyme cofactor
Deficiency of Vitamin B1 in infants
Dyspnea
Cyanosis
Diarrhea
Vomiting
Deficiency of Vitamin B1 in adults
Beri-beri
Wernicke-Korsakoff
syndrome
Apathy
Ataxia
Visual
problems
Deficiency symptoms for specific vitamins
B6:
Irritability
,
seizures
,
anemia.
In adults:
Facial
seborrhea
B12:
Megaloblastic
anemia
,
Neurologic
abnormalities
Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C):
Scurvy
Niacin:
Pellegra
,
Dermatitis
,
Disorientation
,
Weight
loss
Vitamin B2 Deficiency
Angular
stomatitis
Dermatitis
Photophobia
Vitamin
B3
Deficiency
Depressed immune system
Muscle weakness
Vitamin Deficiency
• Biotin:
dermatitis
,
hair loss
,
depression
• Carnitine:
muscle weakness
,
fatigue
• Folic Acid:
Megaloblastic Anemia