ESSSS

• Helper T Cells.

  Once notified of invaders, these cells act accordingly to their knowledge of invader and launch attacks to protect the body.

  They are commanders in charge of strategY
• Cedar Pollen (Antigen)

  - Can travel very far being transported by wind. February to March is the peak season.

  - Size is 30 micrometers.
• Cedar Pollen Allergens

  -  Allergens are caused by the immune system overreaction to certain allergens.
• Cedar Pollen Allergies

  -  The antigen or allergen cellar pollen causes symptoms like sneezing excessive nasal mucus, nasal congestion and itchy eyes
• Microphages

  - Provide information on the allergen.
• Phagocytosis

  - Monocytes, macrophages, and white blood cells are called phagocytes. They can use their plasma membrane to engulf bacteria or other particles. Also called engulfing.
• Memory B Cell

  - A lymphocyte that remembers info about the antigen. They help prepare the body to deal with the same bacteria or virus.

   
• B Cells

  Also knows as B lymphocytes. When facing antigens like bacteria and viruses, they can create weapons known as anti-bodies to help defend the body.
• Mast Cells

  Also called fattening cells. They react to stimulation from production of IgE and secrete chemicals like histamine and leukotriene. They have nothing to do with fat
• Histamine

  -              A chemical neurotransmitter released by cells such as mast cells that have identified foreign substances or injuries the tissue.
• Histamine

  Effect: Causes endothelial cells to contract, dilating blood vessels, increase the permeability of wbc
• Sneeze

  -              Histamine stimulate the sensory neurons in the nasal mucosa, once it reaches sneeze center, the body starts sneezing
• Nasal congestion

  -  Histamine affects the blood vessels in the nasal mucosa causing inflammation, the nasal mucosa swells up and causes nasal congestion
• Tears

  -  Histamine also stimulates sensory neurons in the eyes causing inflammatory symptoms such as swelling and itching, excessing tear production is another symptom
• Steroid

  -              Also called adrenocortical hormones, they are effective for curing inflammation immunosuppression, they can help relieve symptoms and allergic reactions caused by histamins
• Side effects of steroids: using for a long period of time may lead to undesirable           effects, it is very important to follow instructions when using them
• Red Bone Marrow

  -  This is where all blood cells start out

  -  Blood cells are born here and stay throughout their childhood until they mature
• Blood Cell

  -              Born at hematopoietic stem cells

  -              Born as Progenitor cells

  -              Grow into erythroblasts

  -baby version of rede blood cells

  -              Macrophage are responsible for raising them
• Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

  -  Bacterium that don’t need nutrients or oxygen

  -  Likes picking on weak blood cells
• Myelocyte

  -   Baby version of white blood cells
• Natural Killer Cell

  -              Targets Viruses and Cancer Cells

  -              A good laugh is all it takes to activate

   

   
• Cancer Cells

  -  They are cells with genetic abnormalities that spread and grow uncontrollable, They invade boundaries of surrounding normal cells and keep on proliferate

  - Produced at a rate of several thousand a day.
• Dextrose

  -              Also known as glucose

  -              RBC like sugar

  -              Unlike WBC, RBC don’t contain mitochondria, so glucose is their only source of energy.
• Venous Valve

  -              It prevents the blood from flowing backwards and keeps it flowing in one direction.
• Inferior Vena Cava

  -              The largest vein in the body. It carries blood from the lower body to the right atrium of the heart.
• Heart

  -              An organ entirely made of muscle. It receives blood from veins and pumps it back to the arteries. This pumping action is repeated about 100,000 times a day.
• Right Atrium

  -              Receives venous blood from the vena cava and it delivers it to the right ventricle.

   
• Tricuspid Valve

  -              They are three leaflets located between the right atrium and right ventricle. When the heart contracts, it allows blood into the right ventricle. When the heart relaxes, it prevents backflow of blood into the right atrium.
• Right Ventricle

  -              An abundance of carbon dioxide-rich blood can be found here.
• Pulmonary artery

   This artery delivers venous blood to the lungs
• Lungs

  -              Where CO2 is released, and oxygen is received.
• Pulmonary Vein

  -              Oxygenated blood passes through here
• Aorta

  -              Blood passing through the aorta branches out into many different arteries and flows to the capillaries all over the body.
• Capillaries

  -              Oxygen and Nutrients are distributed to cells here and waste like carbon dioxide is gathered.

   
• Killer T Cells

  -              They act upon the orders of helper T cells and identify cells that have been infected with viruses and cancer cells.
• Helper T Cells

  -              They gather information on invaders and act as commander to make strategic decisions, ordering killer t cells to act.
• Suppressor T Cells

  -              They prevent the T cells from losing control, keeping the immune system in check.
• Dendritic cells

  -              Turn the fragments of bacteria or virus-infected cells into antigens. The antigens are passed on to other cells in the immune system, they also help in triggering the T cells.
• Thymus Epithelial Cells

  -              Cells from the thymus. They help produce lymphocytes and help T cells go through cellular differentiation.