PRACTICAL RESEARCH

• research design - Similar to building a house, its your guide for you to finish your research.
• There are 4 approaches to qualitative research:

  • Ethnography
  • : Case Study
  • : Phenomenology
  • Historical Approach
• Case Study - If you want to learn deeper and more specific details of a certain situation, group of people or an individual,
• Phenomenology -

  This type of approach to qualitative research wants to study the phenomenon or experiences of people.
• Historical Approach -

  Historical approach is a systematic collection and evaluation of information which have occurred in the past.
• Population - the complete group of people, animals or objects that have the same characteristics that the research needs
• Sample - a group of individuals that represent the population. The process of choosing a sample is called sampling.
• Identify the population of interest - you should think WHO will be directly affected from this study and WHO will be the potential respondents.
• Specify a sampling frame - You may want to choose your ___ to a place where you are residing so that it will be easier to gather respondents.
• data - is all the information that you will gather throughout your research.
• • PRIMARY DATA - refers to first-hand information based on actual experiences or observations.
• • SECONDARY DATA - are data that are gathered from secondary sources, meaning it is not you that have obtained the information but rather, it comes from previous research, audio recordings or books.
• DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENTS -

  These are the tools that you need to use so that you can gather your primary data when you conduct your research.
• Interviewing - In qualitative research, doing ___ is the most common type of instrument that is being used.
• Structured Interview - this type of interview has a set of pre-determined questions that are ready to use.
• Unstructured Interview - this type of interview is the complete opposite of structured interview.

  You are not required to make a set of pre-made questions,
• Semi-structured Interview - this type of interview is a mix of structured and unstructured interview.
• Observations -

  Another data gathering instrument that is being used most commonly in ethnography is ____
• • Naturalistic Observation- this happens when a researcher observes the behavior of a group of people in their natural setting.
• • Participative Observation- this observation happens when a researcher takes part on the activities of the group of people that they are observing.
• • Non-naturalistic Observation- this type of observation happens when you take your respondents out of their natural environment and put them in an environment of your choice.
• Questionnaires - are also one of the most common types of instrument that is being used by qualitative researchers.
• Closed-ended questionnaires- this type of questionnaire is similar to a structured interview.
• • Open-ended questionnaires-_unlike close-ended questionnaires, this type of questionnaire leaves a blank space for the respondents to give their point of view about a specific question.
• • Combination of both- this type of questionnaire combines both the close-ended and open-ended questionnaires.
• Focus Group Discussion - This type of data gathering instrument focuses on groups of people being interviewed at the same time.
• Research Methodology - is the third chapter of your research paper. It contains all the steps and procedures that you are going to use for you to finish your paper.
• Locale of the study - you are going to put the WHERE aspect of your paper.
• Data Gathering- this is where you are going to write WHO your samples will be and WHAT will be your sampling technique.
• Snowball sampling - this is done by asking relevant people if they know someone who will be willing to participate in your research.
• Rsearch Design - process of structuring techniques.
• Case study - it gives understanding about a certain situation.
• Stratified Probability Sampling Procedure - done by experts to select random respondents.
• Convenience Sampling - Readily available.
• Snowball Sampling - asking who are willing to participate t
• Document review - very young children and with those abilities.
• Observation - study the behaviour
• Structured interview - answers that are straight to the point.
• Unstructured interview - answers or questions that are not found on his written questions.
• Open-ended questionnaire - leaves a blank/ blank spaced