Diverse places

• Liverpool - Large variety area of busier city centres and calmer suburbs. Crime and antisocial behaviour is common in all areas. But it has decreased around 7% from 2007-2009. Negative perceptions: crime, dereliction, poverty, dirty streets. Positive perceptions: people, heritage, improving, exciting. Main age group in city centre is 20-29 years old.
• Aigburth – prosperous suburb, low ethnic diversity, good transport links, green space, mature families.
• Kirk dale – older white British, high economic deprivation, strong sense of communities but stigma of living in area, high crime rate and poor environmental quality.
• Knotty ash – elderly population, low ethnic mix, semi-detached houses, low community spirit, but good amenities.
• Liverpool: ·       17% of adults over 65.

  ·       9% born outside the UK.

  ·       32.9% of houses not deprived.

  ·       2.7% working from home.

  ·       Study in 2009 – 89% of respondents believe Liverpool has a positive future.
• In London, Newham aims to be a major business location to live, work and stay. In the Newham household panel in 2013, 87% of respondents see a cohesive community. Motivated racial attacks are decreasing. 87% say they feel safe, 76% say they are satisfied with health and shops and transport has improved. Some concerns are that 41% are in relative poverty, 55% children in poor households, 69% are in social housing.
• Newham -

  ·       8.5% of adults over 65.

  ·       53% born outside the UK.

  ·       25% of houses are not deprived.

  ·       2.4% working from home.
• Happisburgh: more isolated rural area.

  In 20 years, the caravan site could be lost due to erosion resulting in a declining population and tourism. Access to the cliffs will be limited so entertainment and tourism industries on the coast will suffer. Historic sites in Norfolk which are high in cultural heritage could be eroded and lose value and cause a decrease in popularity in these locations as holiday destinations. Negative media reports about erosion so property prices reduced and people don’t want to move into village. No Active Intervention.
• Happisburgh:


  ·       29.8% of adults over 65.

  ·       2.64% born outside the UK.

  ·       39.8% houses not deprived.

  ·       10.9% working from home.
• Holbrook has good rail links and a range of services, a GP surgery, village hall, two pubs, chapel and supermarket. Desire for cheaper transport as lots of people commute to Ipswich or London for work. 57% feel council are aware of local concerns.
• Holbrook:

  ·       24.8% of adults over 65.

  ·       4.9% born outside the UK.

  ·       56% houses are not deprived.

  ·       10.4% are working from home.
• Tongdean - larger housing, higher quality housing, detached, older people, larger families, more valuable housing.
• NEQ - flats apartments, diverse college, younger people, student population, economically active.
• NEQ statistics:

  ·       Average age – 37.

  ·       81% boring in England.

  ·       2% Muslim, 1% Buddhist, 42% Christian, 41% none.

  ·       36% single, 31% married.

  ·       14000 jobs in tourism lost in 1951-1981.

  ·       Expansion of KIBS (knowledge, info and business) after 1991.

  ·       Rapid expansion since 1991 saw increase of growth.

  ·       Responded to decline and range of industries supported.

  ·       17% students, 4.4% retired.
• Tongdean statistics:

  ·       Classified as suburban downland fringe with 20th century residential suburb evolved over time.

  ·       Low-density, low-rise houses arranged in a suburban layout.

  ·       Average age – 47.

  ·       0.4% Muslim, 0.5% Buddhist, 65% Christian, 23% none.

  ·       53% married.

  ·       5.8% students, 13% retired.

  ·       Isolated, wealthy, older, retired.
• Changes in urban areas in the UK over time

  1960s – population growth was 0.62% known as the baby boom starting after WW2 ended. Economy was growing strongly, and families could afford to bring them up.

  1970s/80s – population growth slowed to 0.14% as the economy weakened, recessed and deindustrialized. High rates of unemployment.
• Changes in urban areas in the UK from 2000:

  2000s – population growth increased to 0.64% again due to UK economy adjusting away from secondary sector to the tertiary sector. Also waves of international migrants from EU countries.

  2010+ - growth increased to 0.71% due to immigration. Net migration was higher than natural increase (contributing 17% of the UKs pop growth.
• Victorian London conditions:

  ·       Overcrowded slums, appalling conditions

  ·       Cities population boomed during 19th century rising from 1 to 6 million. This exceeded the ability to look after basic needs of its citizens.

  ·       Industrial revolution – economic growth and technological advances but little directed at the poor, households struggled to survive.

  ·       Poor sanitation, sewage, heavy air led to frequent outbreaks of smallpox, typhoid and cholera.
• Victoria London notes:

  ·       Life expectancy was 37 years.

  ·       High incidence of crime – London was perceived as dangerous and threatening by visitors.

  ·       Improvements to quality of life – construction of a proper sewage system of tunnels and pipes to divert sewage.

  ·       Founding of metropolitan police in 1829

  ·       Building of new homes for the working class.

  ·       East end of London was living in slums, west end was improved by completions of Buckingham palace, parliament, regent street, piccadilly circus, national gallery.
• Present day London:

  ·       Population of 8.5 million people, youthful population, median age is 33.

  ·       Diverse ethnic mix than anywhere in the UK, secondly most ethnically diverse city in the world

  ·       37% born overseas, 45% ‘white British’.

  ·       Social clustering occurs in urban areas where groups of similar backgrounds live in areas close to one another.

  ·       Inner city areas popular with immigrant groups so have higher populations of non-white British.
• Bradford: changes

  ·       Population growth increased by 4.6% from 2011 to 2021.

  ·       Median age increased from 34 to 36.

  ·       Christian population decreased from 45.9% in 2011 to 33.4% in 2021.

  ·       Muslim population increased from 24.7% in 2011 to 30.5% in 2021.

  ·       8.3% born in Pakistan 80% born in England.
• ·       Tong:

  o   78.5% white

  o   41.1% Christian

  o   42.1% no religion

  o   Population is 21,100

  o   15.1% born outside the UK.

  o   High older population

  o   21.2% retail trade

  o   13.2% manufacturing
• ·       Little Horton:

  o   56.4% from Pakistan

  o   Dominant religion = Islam (65.7%)

  o   8.6% no religion

  o   22.6% retail services

  o   10.4% manufacturing
• Southall statistics:

  Southall – example of ethnically diverse location:

  ·       Population of 65000

  ·       83% of residents are ethnic minorities.

  ·       63% are Asian.

  ·       47% Indian
• Southall population:

  ·       Largest Sikh community in London and large muslin and Hindu representation

  ·       Has a localised urban community – Broadway Street has signs and items connected to the Punjab region in Northern India

  ·       Migrants from the Punjab region ended up settling in Southall, Punjabi soldiers served in the British army. Many families moved to Britain after 1947.

  ·       Places of worship – Abu Bakr Mosque, Gurdwara Sri Sikh Temple

  ·       Restaurant – Dawat Pakistani Restaurant

  ·       Festivals – Vaisakhi Sikh procession
• Russian Oligarchs in London:

  Migrant experience vary widely depending on level of wealth.

  ·       Pull factors:

  o   Russian embassy nearby

  o   Expensive and exclusive area with shops such as Harrods as specialist cafes for catering Russian customers in their ethnic enclave.

  o   Private schools for children

  o   Flight time to Moscow is under 4 hours.

  o   Trust British property for investing their money as London is considered a stable world financial market.

  o   Roman Abramovich – Russian billionaire brought Chelsea football club in 2003.
• History of the NEQ:

  • economy developed in the 18th century
  • 1991 - tourism was 10% of jobs
  • Locomotives first produced in 1852, by 1896 - the works employed over 2000 people
  • buildings cleared away to make way for the largest car park in British rails southern region at the time.
  • area was built of uncoordinated uses such as office blocks and car dealerships, many houses demolished in 1962.
  • in 2000 - the area was the largest brownfield site in the city
• Improvements in the NEQ:

  • URBED (urban and economic development group) asked to develop new master plan for the site - published July 2001, approved 2002, and construction started 2004.
  • scheme involved a residential community, commercial area such as Sainsburys market, stroudly road, car parking, Bellerbys college.
  • more diverse population, accessibly education, cohesive community
• This redistribution of populations resulting from a spatial pattern of growth and declines is called the North-South drift.

  Between 1991 and 2019, UKs population increased by 16.4%. This growth was not evenly distributed – peripheral regions grew less than national average in contrast to London where there was rapid growth. This is evidenced by statistics between 1991-2019: East midlands increased by 20.1%, East by 21.7% and Southeast by 20.3%. This contrasts to Northeast (3.2%) and Scotland (7.5%).
• Beddington:

  ·       BedZED (Beddington zero energy development).

  ·       Largest eco-friendly community in the UK

  ·       Developed in 2002 as an affordable community with 100 homes.

  ·       Buildings are well insulated to retain and recycle heat.

  ·       Made of mostly recycled and renewable building materials and energy and water-saving devices.

  ·       Photovoltaic cells to generate electricity.
• Beddington statistics:

  ·       45% less electricity and 81% less gas compared to other dwellings.

  ·       60% of waste is recycled.

  ·       Near public transport and car club for sharing.

  ·       ¼ of homes are social housing.

  ·       Strong sense of community

  ·       84% of residents felt that the community facilities were better than elsewhere.
• Brixton – management strategies in a London Borough:

  ·       Angell town pilot project – alliance of community residents and donors (Lambeth council, London Evening Standards Dispossessed fund.

  ·       Emphasis on improving area for younger people.

  ·       Awarded small grants from charities and communities.

  ·       Schemes involved new all-weather football pitch, boxing training, job readiness course, business startup training, outside street gym, food market, craft market.

  ·       Police operates a community payback scheme so offenders can complete community service.
• Brixton statistics:

  ·       Built in 1970s -deteriorate quickly.

  ·       4000 people struggling to overcome socio-economic problems.

  ·       350 crimes a month

  ·       2015 report – teenagers involved in gang and knife crimes.
• Eden project:

  ·       Funded by lottery money (£56 million)

  ·       EU regional development funding and SW regional development energy (total = £50 million)

  ·       Made in former China clay quarry.
• Benefits of Eden project:

  ·       650 jobs in direct employment and indirect employment.

  ·       Local hotels, restaurants, shops gain customers.

  ·       £1 billion to the local economy

  ·       Buys from local supplies at £7 million a year.

  ·       Knock on benefits to the area – 200 jobs locally.

  ·       Future plans for hotel, geothermal energy, learning village.
• Disadvantages of Eden project:

  ·       Traffic congestion

  ·       Competition with Eden project, difficult for local firms to recruit staff.

  ·       Local firms lost tourism.

  ·       Still significant deprivation.
• ·       Local Enterprise Partnerships cover rural regions.

  ·       New Anglia LEP aims to create 95000 jobs, 10,000 new businesses, 117,000 more homes by 2026.

  ·       Part of RDPE (Rural Development Programme for England) which aims to improve agriculture and rural life by:

  o   Increasing farm productivity

  o   Supporting micro-businesses

  o   Boosting rural tourism

  o   Providing rural services

  o   Providing cultural and heritage activities.
• Lincolnshire and Boston: High levels of Eastern European migrants

  ·       2011 – Boston is now highest proportion of Eastern European immigrants than anywhere in England and Wales.

  ·       10.6% of the town comes from EU countries.

  ·       Many work in the agricultural sector or food packaging where there is a lack of English skills.
• Bradford improvements

  ·       £50 million plant to boost English skills in conversation clubs

  ·       Council aimed to improve integration through books at the library aimed at understanding different cultures

  ·       Better Start Bradford – funded by lottery for workshops for expecting mothers on nutrition, emotional and social development and language.
• Bradford tensions

  ·       1960s – Pakistani and Indian communities were little understood, culture was not accommodated.

  ·       1995 – tensions lead to riots after boys playing football were arrested

  o   Petrol bombs and looting

  ·       2001 – riots in predominantly Asian area

  o   Battles between Asian and white gangs

  o   Violence broke out, two people stabbed

  ·       2014 – Bradford perceived as the most unsafe city.

  ·       2016 – report shows worse records for people unable to speak English.

  o   IMD 2015 – one of the most deprived wards in England.