Circulatory & Blood

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Bia

Cards (75)

  • CIRCULATORY SYSTEM - Pumps and directs blood cells and substances carried in blood to all tissues of the body.
  • CIRCULATORY SYSTEM - Transport: For transport of nutrients, hormones, oxygen and other needed substances in the cell.
  • CIRCULATORY SYSTEM - Excretory: It also moves waste, carbon dioxide and secretory products to their disposal areas / organs.
  • CIRCULATORY SYSTEM - Protection: Aids in fighting off pathogenic microorganism by providing and/or transporting the cells and substances needed for this purpose.
  • DIVISION OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
    • Cardiovascular System (Blood Vascular System)
    • Lymph Vascular System
  • COMPONENTS OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
    • Heart
    • Blood Vessels
    • Artery - Vein - Capillaries
    • Blood
    • RBC - WBC - Platelets
  • The whole circulatory system has a common basic structure:
    1. An inner lining, the tunica intima [innermost layer], comprising a single layer of extremely flattened epithelial cells called endothelial cells supported by a basement membrane and delicate collagenous tissue
    2. An intermediate predominantly muscular layer, the tunica media. contains alternating layers of smooth muscle and collagen or elastic lamellae
    3. An outer supporting tissue layer called the tunica adventitia contains connective tissue, small vessels and nerves and vasa vasorum
  • TISSUES OF THE VASCULAR WALLS
    1. ENDOTHELIUM
    2. SMOOTH MUSCLE
    3. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
  • SMOOTH MUSCLE- permit regulated vasoconstriction and vasodilation
  • CONNECTIVE TISSUE - Collagen: found in subendothelial layer
  • CONNECTIVE TISSUE- Elastic Fibers: provide resiliency to blood vessel
  • Layer that is composed of Connective Tissue is the Tunica adventitia
  • COMPONENTS OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
    • HEART
    • CAPILLARIES
    • VEINS
    • ARTERIES
    • BLOOD
  • HEART -It is a hollow muscular organ, about a size of a clenched fist, located in the central mediastinum of thoracic cavity
  • HEART - Modified artery that has a pumping capacity that propels blood to the arteries of both the systemic and pulmonary circulations
  • Systemic Circulation
    1. Blood brings nutrients and removes wastes in tissue throughout the body
    2. Oxygenated blood flows from left atrium to left ventricle and pumps into aorta
    3. Passes from aorta to elastic arteries to muscle arteries before entering arterioles
    4. Blood from arterioles enters systemic capillaries of trunk and lower limbs and systemic capillaries of head, neck, and upper limbs
    5. Blood in arterioles enters capillaries for exchange of gases and nutrients
    6. Deoxygenated blood exits capillary beds into venules and into veins
    7. Deoxygenated blood conducted to either superior or inferior vena cava; enters right atrium of the heart
  • Pulmonary Circulation
    1. Blood is oxygenated in both left and right lung
    2. Blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle and pumps into the pulmonary trunk and conducts deoxygenated blood into pulmonary arteries of both left and right lung
    3. Blood passes to the smaller arteries before entering the pulmonary capillary for gas exchange
    4. Oxygenated blood exits the lung via series of progressively larger veins that merge to form pulmonary veins
    5. Pulmonary veins drain into the left atrium
    6. The cycle repeats
  • STRUCTURES OF THE HEART
    • LAYERS OF THE HEART
    • CARDIAC SKELETON
    • CARDIAC CONDUCTING SYSTEM
  • LAYERS OF THE HEART
    1. ENDOCARDIUM/TUNICA INTIMA
    2. MYOCARDIUM/TUNICA MEDIA
    3. EPICARDIUM/TUNICA SEROSA/VISCERAL PERICARDIUM
  • ENDOCARDIUM/TUNICA INTIMA - endothelium and Fibroelastic tissue, smooth muscle fibers and modified cardiac muscle fibers
  • MYOCARDIUM/TUNICA MEDIA - contractile cardiac muscle fibers arranged spirally around each heart chamber
  • MYOCARDIUM/TUNICA MEDIA- is thicker than the endocardium and epicardium
  • MYOCARDIUM/TUNICA MEDIA- Found on the walls of left ventricle
  • MYOCARDIUM/TUNICA MEDIA -It is thicker since strong force is required to pump blood for circulation
  • EPICARDIUM/TUNICA SEROSA/VISCERAL PERICARDIUM - simple squamous mesothelium supported by a layer of loose connective tissue containing blood vessels and nerves
  • EPICARDIUM/TUNICA SEROSA/VISCERAL PERICARDIUM- corresponds to visceral layer of pericardium - the membrane surrounding the heart
  • CARDIAC SKELETON
    • Forms base for all cardiac valves
    • Separates atria from ventricles & provides points of insertion for cardiac muscle in the atria and ventricles
    • Dense Irregular Connective Tissue in composition
    • Helps coordinate the heartbeat by acting as electrical insulation between atria and ventricles
  • CARDIAC CONDUCTING SYSTEM
    A) sinoatrial node (pacemaker)
    B) atrioventricular node
    C) atrioventricular bundle
    D) purkinje fiber
    E) purkinje fiber
  • Cardiac conducting system
    • Specialized to generate and conduct waves of depolarization which stimulates rhythmic contractions
    • Consists of modified cardiac muscle fibers
  • Composition of cardiac conducting system
    • Sinoatrial Node (Pacemaker)
    • Atrioventricular Node
    • Atrioventricular Bundle of His
    • Purkinje Fibers
  • Purkinje Fibers

    • Contractile Bundles
    • Abundant Glycogen
    • Sparse Bundles of Myofibrils
  • Blood vessels

    Forms closed circuit to and from the heart
  • Walls of all blood vessels except capillaries contain smooth muscle and connective tissue in addition to the endothelial lining
  • Types of blood vessels
    • Capillaries
    • Arteries
    • Veins
  • Capillaries

    • Permit and regulate metabolic exchange between blood and surrounding tissues
    • Always function in networks called capillary beds
  • Types of capillaries
    • Continuous capillaries
    • Fenestrated capillaries
    • Discontinued capillaries/sinusoids
  • Continuous capillaries

    Most common type, found in muscle, connective tissue, lungs, exocrine glands, and nervous tissue, with well-developed occluding junctions that allow cellular exchange
  • Fenestrated capillaries

    Have a sieve-like structure that allows more extensive molecular exchange across the endothelium, found in organs with rapid interchange of substances between tissues and the blood
  • Discontinued capillaries/sinusoids
    Permit maximal exchange of macromolecules and allow easier movement of cells between tissues and blood, have highly discontinuous basement membranes and much larger diameters, found in the liver, spleen, some endocrine organs, and bone marrow
  • Veins

    Carry blood back to the heart from microvasculature all over the body, most are small or medium veins located close and parallel to corresponding muscular arteries