ENGL

• Antecedent


  The word to which a pronoun refers
• Pronoun usage with compound antecedents

  1. Use a plural pronoun with antecedents joined by 'and'

  2. Use a singular pronoun with antecedents joined by 'or' or 'nor'

  3. Use a pronoun that agrees with the nearer antecedent when a singular and plural antecedent are joined by 'or' or 'nor'

  
• Pronoun usage with collective nouns

  1. Use a singular pronoun when referring to the group as a single unit

  2. Use a plural pronoun when referring to the group's members as individuals
• Pronoun usage with indefinite pronouns

  Use a singular pronoun to refer to indefinite pronouns like 'everybody', 'none', 'nobody', 'someone'
• Relative pronouns


  'Who' refers to people and named animals

  'Which' refers to animals and things

  'That' refers to animals, things and sometimes people
• Coherence


  The way in which ideas in a text are linked logically
• Understanding coherence and cohesion involves recognizing how the ideas in a text are linked and how those links are expressed through the words chosen
• Analyzing how different parts of the text are related to each other helps you understand the functions of different words and phrases
• Types of Conjunctions


  • Coordinating conjunctions
  • Correlative conjunctions
  • Subordinating conjunctions
• Coordinating conjunction


  A conjunction that connects words, phrases, and clauses that are coordinate, or equal to each other
• Coordinating conjunctions


  • for
  • and
  • nor
  • but
  • or
  • yet
  • so
• Coordinating Conjunctions


  • Jane and Lea are sisters.
  • My dog enjoys being bathed but hates getting his nails trimmed.
  • I hate to waste a drop of gas, for it is very expensive these days.
• Instructions: Choose the most appropriate coordinating conjunction to complete the sentence

  1. We can go out now (and, or, but) later.

  2. John cannot speak Japanese, (but, for, so) he can speak Chinese.

  3. In the end, the company did not make money (for, but, nor) did it lose money.

  4. Sam lived in France for two years, (so, nor, or) he can speak French.

  5. The universe is a big place (or, and, for, so) there may be intelligent life out there.
• Correlative conjunctions


  Conjunctions used to illustrate how two words or phrases within a sentence relate to each other. Correlative conjunctions always come in pairs.
• Correlative Conjunctions


  • Either you learn how to do it, or you will have to face the consequences.
  • Neither did Rachel nor her friends make it to the event.
  • Not only did they block the road, but they also kept shouting slogans.
• Instructions: Choose the most appropriate correlative conjunction to complete the sentence

  1. ____ Mark ____ Sheena liked the movie. (Such-that, Either-or, Both-and)

  2. My cousin did ____ a stupid thing ____ everyone mocked him. (such-that, neither-nor, not only-but also)

  3. Baldo was saying that he was not sure ____ he should stay back tonight ____ leave home immediately. (rather-than, whether-or, both-and)

  4. There are ___ many spoons ___ there are forks. (both-and, not only-but also, as-as)
• Subordinating conjunction


  A word or phrase that links a dependent clause to an independent clause. This word or phrase indicates that a clause has an informative value to add to the sentence's main idea.
• Subordinating Conjunctions

  • Robin wasn't allowed in the Batmobile any longer because he wouldn't wear a seat belt.
  • Robin drove the Batmobile whenever Batman was away.
  • Since Robin refused to wear his seat belt, Batman has banned him from the Batmobile.
• Instructions: Choose the most appropriate subordinating conjunction to complete the sentence

  1. He was a good student (which, who) needed guidance from his teacher.

  2. (While, But, Since) he claims that he is innocent, everyone knows he is guilty.

  3. (Now that, Whereas, Even) you're here, I'm going to tell you a secret.

  4. (Although, Because, Whatever) I had already seen the movie three times, I watched it again.
• Reading


  A cognitive process that involves decoding symbols to arrive at the correct meaning. It is a process of meaning construction while transacting with the text through the interaction of reader, text and context that involves word recognition, comprehension, fluency, and motivation.
• Scanning


  A reading comprehension strategy that involves reading rapidly to find specific facts
• Fluency


  The ability to read text accurately, with automaticity, and with proper expression
• Agenda


  • Adjectives and Adverbs
  • TCS: Context Clues
• Adjective


  A word that modifies a noun or pronoun
• Types of Adjectives


  • Descriptive
  • Proper
  • Articles
  • Determiners
• Descriptive Adjectives


  • Used to describe features of people, animals, or objects (nouns or pronouns)
  • Can be split into comparative, superlative, and positive
• Descriptive Adjectives


  • small
  • nice
  • strict
• Proper Adjective


  An adjective derived from a proper noun and therefore capitalized
• Proper Adjectives


  • Shakespearean
• Articles


  A special category of adjectives consisting of a, an, and the
• Indefinite Articles


  a and an, don't indicate anything specific
• Definite Article


  the, names something specific
• Determiners


  Adjectives that make specific the sense of a noun, help determine which particular units the nouns are referring to
• Adverb


  A word that modifies (describes) a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or a clause
• Types of Adverbs


  • Adverbs of Frequency
  • Adverbs of Time
  • Adverbs of Manner
  • Adverbs of Degree
  • Adverbs of Place
• Adverbs of Frequency


  • usually
  • never
  • sometimes
• Adverbs of Time


  • tomorrow
  • yet
  • recently
• Adverbs of Manner


  • skillfully
  • bravely
  • wisely
• Adverbs of Degree


  • really
  • much
  • barely
• Adverbs of Place


  • anywhere
  • outside
  • north