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• Rough model sheets


  Created from best studies or keys from the most successful scenes that have been animated of the character. They often show action, expressions, and attitude that best display the character's personality
• Rough dialogue model sheets


  Shows various mouth shapes that are created when the character is speaking, also showing a range of emotions
• Final line or Clean up construction model sheet


  Helps animators to see volume as well as structure for even most cartoony characters
• Turn Around model sheets


  A standard reference of a character drawn in different views such as: front, side, square, and back views
• Final Line turn around model sheet


  Also known as cleaned-up turn-around model sheet, considered as final model sheet of a character
• Rough Construction Model sheet

  Shows the underlying structure of the character or the same poses fully clothed, great help for building 3D characters, can focus on details such as hair, eyes, and even spots
• General Final Lines Model sheet


  A single character is portrayed in turn around drawings that give us a sense on how to draw the character from any angle, along with some facial expressions, attitude and action poses
• Rough Character Concept Model Sheets


  The general design concept of a character needs to be approved before the character was fully finalized, gives a sense of the basic design of the character, along with attitude poses that help to tell the story of just he is, in case of a character with unique anatomy requires unique reference for artist working on the team
• Anatomical Study Model Sheets


  Gives the animators a better idea of the structure that exists under all that hair
• Model sheets are templates of the character used by the animation staff, they provide the construction, structure, proportion, design, etc. for each character
• Breakdown


  A pose between keys to help the key frame animator to describe the action to in between
• Breakdowns

  • Describe rotation trajectories
  • Describe timing eases
  • Describe elbow bending
  • Extra drawings used to make the animation smooth
• Breakdowns


  The gap between the keys
• Placing key action on breakdowns


  Loosens up your animation, and offloads a lot of your animation work onto an in-between drawing, which is far easier than creating another key drawing
• Exposure sheet


  Also known as x-sheet or Dope sheet when animator is planning a scene
• Using the exposure sheet


  1. The animator enters data in different columns (layers)

  2. Allows you to see the animation timing in detail
• 1. sheets


  • Composed of columns corresponding to the layers
  • Each column is split into rows representing the frames (images) in the scene
  • Paper X-sheets usually has 80 rows and 10 columns
  • Enables the animator to associate a layer with a certain element like character, props, lip sync, etc. and make a record of the frame at which each drawing appears
• Traditional X-sheets


  • Created for the animator to communicate with the camera man regarding the scene's timing, the camera moves and element trajectories
  • Still used today to express the same information to other people who are working on the studio
• In-betweening


  The process of creating transitional frames between two separate actions in order to show the appearance of movement from the first drawing to the second drawing
• In-betweens


  The frames between the key frames
• Timing


  Refers to the impacts, rhythm of where things happen or accents, beats, and hits happen
• Spacing


  Refers to how close or far apart those clusters is. The bouncing ball overlaps itself when it's at the slow part, but when it drops fast, it's spaced further apart
• Key drawings


  The essential drawings for animating a character that represent the extremes of the actions
• Key drawings


  • Represent a moment of rest and no acceleration
  • Represent a moment of maximum position
  • Represent zero velocity and maximum acceleration
  • Show what's happening in the story
• Breakdown


  A pose between two key drawings that describe rotation trajectories, timing eases, elbow bending, etc. These are extra drawings used to make the animation smooth.
• In traditional animation

  Breakdown is an in-between that requires a special interpretation, it does not have to be drawn exactly in the middle of the two key drawings but it has to be drawn a bit like a key drawing.
• We must understand the value of a "second of time" - 24 frames of a film per second of that movie screen.
• Break our actiondown into

  1. Seconds

  2. Frames

  3. One second for 24 frames

  4. One half second for 12 frames

  5. One third second for 8 frames
• In a single presentation there are 24 drawings per second, while in double presentation there are only 12 drawings per second.
• Timing chart


  A clue to the animators thinking and guide for the in-between artists to where the drawings are to be placed between the extremes. It indicates the small incremental movements that get you from one extreme to another.
• Path of action


  • a. Straight
  • b. "C" curve
  • c. "S" curve
• Timing and spacing


  • Must stick to even spacing, all in-betweens must be either halves or thirds, and occasionally the odd favor or cushion. Cushion is not the same as a slow-in or slow-out in its spacing.
• Slow in


  Actions pick up speed gradually
• Slow out


  Actions slow down speed gradually
• Even halves/Thirds


  Keep action in a constant speed
• Slow-in/slow-out


  Actions pick up speed and slow down gradually
• Appeal


  An appealing look or "extra something" that makes a character drawing stand out
• Appeal


  • Applies to a character's pose, expression, movement, and even props
• Drawing characters using basic shapes

  1. Start with basic shapes like circle, ovals, squares, and triangles

  2. Use basic shapes that can be easily duplicated and rotated in 3D space

  3. Avoids compromising proportion and volume of the drawing

  4. Allows for easy and quick drawing without wasting time
• Characters using basic shapes

  • Even without details, you get an idea of what the characters are like