Read and Write

• You should also be able to detect generalizations or conclusions based on mistaken ideas, which are called logical fallacies
• Common logical fallacies

  • False Dilemma
  • Appeal to Ignorance
  • Appeal to Pity
  • Appeal to Bandwagon
  • Attacking the Person
  • Appeal to Authority
  • Anonymous Authority
  • Hasty Generalization
  • Faulty Analogy
  • Accident
  • Post Hoc
  • Wrong Direction
  • Complex Cause
  • Irrelevant Conclusion
  • Affirming the Consequent
  • Denying the Antecedent
  • Inconsistency
• Logical fallacies are devices that can be used to influence readers in making unsound judgments
• Either you submit to self-isolation for half a month or acquire the COVID-19.

  False Dilemma
• World Health Organization

  (WHO) doesn't talk about the vaccine for COVID-19, so there must be none.

  Appeal to Ignorance
• If you don't bring your quarantine pass, you won't be able to enter the supermarket. And if you don't have supplies, you will die of hunger.

  Slippery Slope
• "Have you quit spreading the rumors about me?"

  Complex Question
• If you don't want to have a swab test, we'll bring you immediately to the isolation area.

  Appeal to Force
• Please forgive me for not followingnthe curfew hours, I just need to

  buy milk for our baby. (even there's no infant in the family)

  Appeal to Pity
• You can't blame that COVID-19 is bad, because if it were, then we would not be very cautious and hygienic.

  Appeal to Consequences
• He tried drinking warm water with ginger and lemon each morning because all of his friends suggest and tell it prevents COVID-19.

  Bandwagon
• I cannot accept the argument of that DOH staff because, unlike me, he didn't graduate from a prestigious medical school.

  Attacking the Person
• Kathryn Bernardo, a Filipino actress, promotes Lifebuoy as the reliable and effective antibacterial soap

  Appeal to Authority
• The experts stated that eating an apple a day keeps the doctors away.

  Anonymous Authority
• The COVID-19 originated in China. All people coming from China have COVID-19.

  Hasty Generalization
• Anxiety is like drinking coffee.

  Both keep a person awake.


  False Analogy
• Social distancing must be observed at all times, so you should not go near a person even he/she needs help badly.

  Accident
• Belen always wears the bracelet she bought from a lucky charmer.

  She didn't get sick for the past 2 years. The bracelet must be the reason of Belen's good health.

  Post Hoc
• Strong immune system leads to taking vitamins, eating nutritious food, and enough rest.

  Wrong Direction
• The Philippines is not able to control the rapid spread of

  COVID-19 because it is a Third World country. (even if all the other Third World countries are able to do so)

  Complex Cause
• We must believe that proper and frequent washing of hands avoids people from getting sick. People who feel sick must stay home and seek medical attention. Sick people must have enough rest and eat nutritious food to boost their immune system.

  Irrelevant Conclusion
• If you are wearing a face mask, you are protecting yourself from sick people. Therefore, if you are protecting yourself from sick people, you are wearing a face mask.

  Affirming the Consequent
• If you are sharing your blessings, you are fortunate. Therefore, if you are not sharing your blessings, you are not fortunate.

  Denying the Antecedent
• Bulacan is more populated than Pampanga, Pampanga is more populated than Nueva Ecija, and Nueva Ecija is more populated than Bulacan.


  Inconsistency