ENGLISH

• Informal Definitions

  The writer uses known words or examples to explain an unknown term. These definitions may be synonyms or antonyms introduced by or, in other words, or like.
• Formal Definitions

  Is structured in a logical or concise pattern so that the information can be provided without additional unnecessary words
• Expanded Definitions

  Generally, have components of both informal and formal definitions. They are used for technical words that have complex meanings and need to be explained in more than one sentence.
• Listing and Describing the Parts : identifying smaller, more familiar pieces of an idea to point to the definition of the bigger concept.
• Etymology : sharing a word's origin
• Examples or Anecdotes : telling a story or example that illustrates the term.
• Negation : defining a term by explaining what the concept is not.
• Evoking the Senses : using a word that creates a picture in the reader's mind so that the reader might relate through memory of sound, sight, touch, hearing, or smell.
• Environment or Sector : pointing out how and where something is used.
• Romification : Showing how the term or concept affects people or objects.
• Historical References : showing how a word has been defined throughout history.
• Formal Essays

  More carefully organized and more serious than a personal essay.
• Formal Essays

  Were developed by Sir Francis Bacon, an English philosopher and statesman of the mid 1560s and early 1600s. His essays are short, impersonal, and informative, and they discuss such subjects as death, fear, truth, and wealth.
• Informal Essays

  AKA personal essay
• Informal Essays

  Written in casual and conversational style
• Informal Essays

  Written in casual and conversational style
• Informal Essays

  Were first attributed to Michel de Montaigne, a French writer of the 1500s. He was the first writer to establish the essay as a distinct form of literature.
• Essay – comes from Essais, Montaigne's two volume collection of writings.
• Informal Essays

  Aim to interest and only incidentally to inform.
• Essay

  Means attempt. An essay need not be complete. It does not seek to exhaust the possibilities of its subject.
• Subject Matter – what the author says
• Style – how he/she says it in planning what to say in an essay, consider a few generally accepted ideas concerning your subject.
• Beginning of your essay come alive :

  • Begin with a stimulating question
  • Begin with a statement of what your composition will be about
  • Begin with an anecdote
  • Begin with a conversation
• Research

  Also known as a term paper or a research report
• Research paper

  is a piece of academic writing that asks students to locate information about a topic, take a stand on that topic, and provide support for that stand
• writing a research paper takes a student through the following steps

  • Choosing and Limiting a Topic
  • Finding and Selecting Sources
  • Organizing and Documenting Information
  • Preparing an Outline
  • Writing the Introduction
  • Writing the Body
  • Writing the Conclusion
  • Finalizing the Documentation of Sources
• you will need to list your sources of information in what is called bibliography
• Bibliography

  It helps to note down what kind of information is given in that source.
• Sources of Information

  • Newspapers
  • Internet
  • Encyclopedia
  • Library
  • Almanac
  • Resource Persons
• Fact – something that can be proven. Its truth or falsity can be verified either by observation or by consulting a credible authority or source.
• Belief – something that a person accepts as true whether or not these can be verified. Now, both types of information may be cited in a paper, but they should be used differently, which makes it very important to distinguish between them.
• Who is the author? - credible sources are those originating from authors respected in their fields and who will properly cite their sources
• When was it written? - aside from historical information that does not usually get outdated, more recent information is typically better than older counterparts.
• What is the author's purpose for the text? - is the text an objective presentation of the topic or is it a persuasive or even marketing text?
• Writing the Research Paper

  – you have all the information you need in the form of notes. You also have an outline to serve as an overall guide. – the next step is to combine the facts you have gathered with what you already know of your topic. Now is the time to do some thinking of your own. Then, when you say "my report," you will be speaking honestly

  – as you combine ideas in your report, you may find that you need some words and phrases to connect ideas together, such as these:

  • therefore, so that, second, however, as a result, finally
• Research Paper is more than just bringing together a disparate collection of information, or reviewing and evaluating what everybody else has said about the issue. For sure, these are important steps for writing a research paper, but they need to be followed by two things: synthesizing essential information and drawing conclusions.
• The 1st step requires a student to sort and organize all the information collected and to extract only those relevant to the paper. As even the relevant information can be voluminous, summarizing and synthesizing the information will coax it into a more useful form.
• The 2nd step, drawing conclusions, becomes easier when the first step is done correctly. When the information has been systematically ordered and distilled into something easy to understand, then it becomes a much more manageable basis for drawing conclusions and taking a stand.
• Chapter 1 – includes the introduction, theoretical framework, statement of the problem, hypothesis, scope and limitation, conceptual framework, significance of the study and the definition of terms used. – in this chapter, you will introduce your readers to the issue you are exploring. Be sure to make your first sentence a compelling "hook." State the major thesis thot guides your study. In this section you will provide a concise statement of the problem in just a few paragraphs.
• Chapter 2 – review of Selected/Related Literature (and Research) The purpose of Chapter 2 is to provide the reader with a comprehensive review of the literature related to the problem under investigation. The review of related literature should greatly expand upon the introduction and background information presented in Chapter 1