WW11

• Nationalism- the shared

  belief of loyalty to the ethnicity

  and culture of a nation-state.
• France vs. Germany- France

  was defeated after the

  Franco-Prussian War.
• The annexed territory

  between Alsace-Lorraine was

  also a concern.
• Italian unification (1871)

  heightened the nationalistic

  spirit of the Italians
• Nation-states wanted

  freedom- Slavs, Irish from the

  British, Poles against the

  Russian empire.
• socialist labor

  movement caused

  violence due to

  unfair labor

  practices.
• Triple Alliance (Germany,

  Austria-Hungary, Italy)
• Otto Von Bismarck organized

  League of Three Emperors

  (Germany, Austria-Hungary,

  Russia)
• DUAL ALLIANCE – main goal: to

  minimize Russian influence over the

  Balkans
• Triple Entente- France, Great Britain,

  Russia
• Triple Alliance (1882)- Italy joined the

  group.
• Balkan Peninsula- ‘the powder keg of

  Europe,’a region in Southeastern Europe

  led by Greeks, Romanians, Turks, and

  Serbs
• Treaty of Berlin- Austria-Hungary

  succeeded Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Militarization- nations

  strengthen large armies (1870-1914)

  caused from the growing tension.
• British & German engaged into the

  naval race.
• Russia employed 1.3 million men

  ► France (1913) employed 900,000 soldiers
• Conscription- the popular method of

  drafting soldiers that became the norm in

  Europe.
• Archduke Franz Ferdinand- the heir to the

  throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
• Serb Gavrilo Princip- a 19-year old shot the

  Archduke and his wife when they visited the

  patients at the hospital who were wounded

  from the failed assassination.
• Black Hand- terrorist organization plotted

  the assassination of the Archduke but failed.
• ► 1. Nationalism

  ► 2. Ideologies

  ► 3. Militarization

  ► 4. Alliances

  ► 5. Conflicts in Balkan Peninsula

  ► Major cause-the Assassination of Archduke

  Franz Ferdinand
• Franz Joseph I (emperor of

  Austria-Hungary)- asked support from

  Germany. Germany replied with open

  arms ‘blank check’.
• July 23- Austria-Hungary asked a list of

  demands from Serbia.
• July 28, 1914- Austria-Hungary declared war

  on Serbia.
• Russia- Czar Nicholas II supported

  Serbia and mobilized its armies.
• Germany- declared war against Russia

  through Schlieffen Plan (August 1).
• British declared war on Germany

  because of the violation of the Belgian

  neutrality. (August 4)
• Schlieffen Plan- sending of 75% of

  German armies to France.
• War took place at the

  Western Front.
• September 6-9, 1914-

  French and British

  defeated Germany in the

  Battle of Marne and ended

  the Schlieffen Plan.
• Trench Warfare was a

  common military tactic in

  World War I
• More fluid and involved over a

  thousand miles of land.
• Russians and Germans fought a

  seesaw battle.
• March Revolution- 10,000 working class

  women marched at Petrograd (St.

  Petersburg)
• March 12- Russian Duma (legislative body,

  mostly composed of the wealthy) demanded

  Czar Nicholas II to step down.
• March 15- Czar stepped down and ended the

  300-year old Romanov Dynasty.
• Soviets- the representative of the working class after

  the Tsarist government,
• Bolsheviks- led by Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov

  (Lenin) introduced Marxism to Russia.
• Marxism- a communism grounded on the

  teachings of Karl Marx.
• 1915- Lenin and the Bolsheviks overthrew the

  provisional government.