Readings in Philippine History

• In 1572, the Spaniards defeated the rebels at the Battle of Tondo River.
• History - derived from the Greek word historia which means “learning by inquiry”. It refers to the events in the past especially about the people who lived in different times in the past.

  Historians - refers to the individuals who write about history.

  Historiography - the traditional method in doing historical research that focus on gathering of documents from different libraries and archives to form a pool of evidence needed in making a descriptive or analytical narrative.
• 1. Primary source / Direct source - are original, first-hand account of an event or period that are usually written or made during or close to the event or period. These sources are original and factual, not interpretative.

  2. Secondary source / Indirect source - are materials made by people long after the events being described had taken place to provide valuable interpretation of historical events.
• are chronicles or tracts presented in narrative form, written to impart a message whose motives for their composition vary widely.

  Narrative or literature
• are understood to be those which document/record an existing legal situation create a new one, and it is considered by historians as the purest or best source.

  Diplomatic sources
• are information pertaining to economic, social, political or judicial significance. They are records kept by bureaucracies.


  Social doocuments
• is one of the most important unwritten evidences. This include artistic creations such as pottery, jewelry, dwellings, graves, churches, roads, etc.

  Material evidence / Archeological evidence
• are told by the tales or sagas of ancient peoples and the folk songs or popular rituals from the premodern period of Philippine history. During the present age, interviews is another major form of oral evidence.

  Oral evidence
• Period of discovery and expansionism began

  15th century
• Philippine island


  Discovered by Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese navigator, in 1521
• Historic voyage began


  1519
• Historic voyage successfully completed

  1522
• 5 ships that first navigated the world

  • Trinidad - under Ferdinand Magellan's command
  • Victoria - under Mendoza's command
  • Conception - under Gaspar de Quesada's command
  • Santiago - under Juan Rodriguez Serrano's command
  • San Antonio - under Juan de Cartagena's command
• Expedition


  Led by Ferdinand Magellan, then after his death led by Juan Sebastian Elcano
• Victoria was the only ship that was able to return to Spain
• Starting point of the first voyage around the world

  August 10, 1519
• They arrived in Zamal (now Samar)

  March 16, 1521
• They land to another inhabited island called Humunu (now Homonhon). They also named it "Watering Place of Good Signs" because they found there two springs of fresh water and has many fruits


  March 17, 1521
• They met 9 men

  March 18
• Archipelago of St. Lazarus


  The adjacent islands were named this because when they stayed there, it was the day of the feast of St. Lazarus
• The 9 men they met in March 18 returned with their old leader whose face was painted, had gold rings suspended to his ears, others have bracelets and rings of golds on their arms and their head wrapped with linen


  March 22, 1521
• Near Humunu is an island known as Caphre


  • The people are naked with some wearing clothes, their body was painted, have long, blak hair reaching to the waist and they carry small dagger and knives
• They left Humunu


  March 25, 1521
• They arrived in an island and saw a small boat called Boloto with 8 men inside. The slave of the captain-general named Traprobana from Sumatra understood the language of the 8 men. After two hours, two large boats called Balanghai arrived


  March 28, 1521
• The captain-general beg the king to give him money for provisions

  March 29, 1521
• First mass was held in Limasawa attended by Magellan, Rajah Kolambu, Rajah Siagu, Spanish voyagers and local islanders


  April 1, 1521
• They entered the port of Zzubu in which they are struck or fired by artillery. The captain sent a young man and interpreter to the king of Zzubu. The king of Zzubu said that it was to show signs of peace and friendship and asked what they were seeking. The interpreter answered him that his master was the captain of the greatest king in the world and he was going by command of the said sovereign to discover the Molucca islands

  April 7, 1521
• A mass was held with Rajah Humabon and his people where 800 souls were baptized. Pigafetta showed the queen (wife of Rajah Humabon) a wooden child Jesus (Sto. Nino) and a cross found in Cebu


  April 15, 1521
• The chief of Mactan (Zula) said the Lapulapu did not want to pay tribute to Magellan and his men for their expedition. Therefore, Magellan send men to threaten Lapulapu

  April 26, 1521
• "Battle of Mactan" - 60 of Magellan's men set out armed. Magellan was shot with a poisoned arrow and an Indian hurled a bamboo spear in the captain's face


  April 27, 1521
• Significance of the First Voyage around the World It describes the lifestyle of the local islanders Contains first vocabulary of Visayan words

  It prooves that world is round and not flat. Completion of the world map

  Magellan discovered the Pacific Ocean Opening of trade

  Christianity was introduced
• It is a narrative on the established culture of the Tagalogs in Luzon written by a Spanish Franciscan friar, Juan de Plasencia, a Franciscan missionary in the Tagalog region 1578 until 1590. He is also the author of Doctrina Christiana which is considered as the first book printed in the Philippines.
• Dato


  Chief who governed them and were captain in wars whom they obeyed
• Dato


  • Ruled over few people or sometimes as many as hundred houses
  • Assisted by the council of elders which are also known as the maginoo
• Barangay


  Tribal gathering
• Maharlika / Free people / Noble people / Timawa


  Do not pay taxes<|>Responsible for protecting the datu
• Aliping namamahay


  Common people<|>Cannot be sold<|>Work in a house of datu or maharlika but still live in their own house<|>Can still get married and own property
• Alipining saguiguilir


  Do heavy works<|>Can be sold and used to pay debt of their master or owner<|>Live in small houses of their owner or in the farmland
• A man is required to give dowry, panghihimuyat and bigay-suso to a women for marriage. Divorce is possible if there is adultery, insanity, cruelty and abandonment of husband.

  It should be noticed that unmarried women cannot own property, as a result, all their labors accrues to their parents. When a slave was married to a male maharlika, their odd children will be maharlika and the even children will be slave.

  Marriage
• A person can become slaves due to captivity of war, debt, inheritance, purchase and by committing a crime.

  A slave can be emancipated through forgiveness, payment of debt and marriage.

  A maharlika can transfer to other barangay by paying a huge amount of money to the datu.

  Houses were made of bamboo, wood and nipa palm. The houses usually have ladders to prevent strangers from intruding.


  Slaves