ICT 4th QUARTER

• Operating system (OS)


  Coordinates all activities among computer hardware resources, a powerful, and usually large, program that controls and manages the hardware and other software on a computer
• Functions of an operating system


  • Manage programs
  • Provide a user interface
  • Start the computer
  • Control a network
  • Administer security
  • Manage memory
  • Establish an Internet connection
  • Schedule jobs and configure devices
  • Monitor performance
  • Provide file management and other utilities
• Types of Operating Systems

  • Single-user, single-process operating systems
  • Single-user, multi-process operating systems
  • Multi-user, multi-process operating systems
• Microsoft Windows


  • Group of several proprietary graphical operating system families, all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft
  • The most recent versions are Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista
  • Comes pre-loaded on most new PCs, making it the most popular operating system in the world
• macOS


  • Line of operating systems created by Apple
  • Comes preloaded on all Macintosh computers, or Macs
  • Specific versions include Mojave, High Sierra, and Sierra
  • The operating system for Apple's Macintosh computers
• Linux


  • Family of open-source operating systems, which means they can be modified and distributed by anyone around the world
  • Advantages are that it is free, and there are many different distributions—or versions—you can choose from
  • Most servers run Linux because it's relatively easy to customize
• Linux users account for less than 2% of global operating systems
• Open source follows these key tenants: The freedom to run the program, for any purpose, The freedom to study how the program works, and adapt it to your needs, The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor, The freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements to the public, so that the whole community benefits
• macOS users account for less than 10% of global operating systems—much lower than the percentage of Windows users (more than 80%)
• One reason for this

  Apple computers tend to be more expensive
• Many people do prefer the look and feel of macOS over Windows
• Linux


  A family of open-source operating systems, which means they can be modified and distributed by anyone around the world
• Most servers run Linux because it's relatively easy to customize
• Key tenets of open source

  • The freedom to run the program, for any purpose
  • The freedom to study how the program works, and change it to make it do what you wish
  • The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor
  • The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others
• Chrome OS


  Google's operating system created in conjunction with manufacturers, just like the Android operating system
• Devices using Chrome OS, called Chromebooks, came out in 2011 and are readily available in stores
• Chrome is the primary interface for Chrome OS
• Chrome and Chrome OS have evolved through the different versions that have been released
• CPU (Central Processing Unit) / Microprocessor


  The processor is the main "brain" or "heart" of a computer system. It performs all of the instructions and calculations that are needed and manages the flow of information through a computer
• Pin Grid Array (PGA) CPU sockets


  • Involve using metal or ceramic pins to connect a CPU to a motherboard
  • Pins attached to a special carrier house the CPU, and the pins are inserted to the motherboard containing a matching set of holes
  • The pins carry electrical signals to and from the CPU to the rest of the computer
  • The metal or ceramic used for the pins and housing are resistant to high heat, due to the large amounts of electrical current passing through them
• Land Grid array socket

  • The pins are already in the motherboard
  • The socket itself rests in the motherboard and has an enclosure at its top end, and the CPU is placed inside the enclosure and secured using a pressure lever
  • The CPU rests in the enclosure through a series of grooves, and communicates through electronic signals transmitted through transmission surfaces inside the socket
• Central processing unit (CPU)


  • Interprets and carries out basic instructions that operate a computer
  • Control unit directs and coordinates operations in computer
  • Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic, comparison, and logical operations
  • Also called the processor
• Memory


  Consists of electronic components that store instructions waiting to be executed and data needed by those instructions
• Two types of memory

  • ROM (Read Only Memory) - non-volatile, holds data even when power is off
  • RAM (Random Access Memory) - volatile, holds data only when power is on
• Hard Disk Drive (HDD)


  Also known as hard drive, is a magnetic storage that is installed inside the computer. The hard drive is used as permanent storage for data. In a Windows computer, the hard drive is usually configured as the C: drive and contains the operating system and applications
• Power Supply Unit (PSU)


  Installed in the back corner of the PC case, next to the motherboard. It converts 120vac (standard house power) into DC voltages that are used by other components in the PC
• Motherboard


  • Main circuit board in system unit
  • Contains adapter cards, processor chips, and memory modules
• CPU socket


  A single connector between a microprocessor and motherboard. It facilitates CPU access and prevents damage when a unit is inserted or removed. It also has a lock to prevent CPU movement, and its design helps secure heat sink placement above the CPU
• Memory Slot


  What allows computer memory (RAM) chip/stick to be inserted into the computer. Depending on the motherboard, there will usually be 2 to 4 memory slots (sometimes more on high-end motherboards) and are what determine the type of RAM used with the computer
• Main Power Connector


  Uses to get the electric energy from the power supply which the motherboard require to function properly. There are 2 main power connector types - the 20 pins + 4 pins (2 separate connectors on the same motherboard), and the 24 pins
• IDE, ATA And S-ATA Interface Connectors

  The Advance Technology Attachment (ATA) interface is used to connect hard drives and optic drives. The new interface called Serial Advance Technology Attachment (S-ATA) is faster than the ATA and only 1 device can be attached to it
• PCI Slots, AGP And PCIe


  Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) are used to install sound cards, graphic cards, Ethernet cards and modems. Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) and PCI Express (PCIe) focus on graphic cards only
• Back Panel Port


  Where the motherboard parts show up at the computer case back panel. They are used to plug the mouse, keyboard, monitor, printer, sound system and any other peripherals
• Chip


  Small piece of semi-conducting material on which integrated circuits are etched. Integrated circuits contain many microscopic pathways capable of carrying electrical current. Chips are packaged so they can be attached to a circuit board
• Northbridge


  In-charge of controlling transfers between the processor and the RAM. Sometimes called the GMCH, for Graphic and Memory Controller Hub
• Southbridge


  Handles the communication between slower peripheral devices. Also called the ICH, for I/O Controller Hub
• Optical Drive


  A storage device that uses lasers to read data on the optical media. There are three types: Compact Disc (CD), Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) and Blu ray Disc (BD)
• Computer case


  The enclosure that contains the main components of a computer. Cases are usually constructed from steel or aluminum, although other materials such as wood and plastic have been used. Cases can come in many different sizes, or form factors
• Power Cable


  An assembly of two or more electrical conductors, usually held together with an overall sheath. Used for transmission of electrical power
• Data Cable


  Any media that allows baseband transmissions (binary 1,0s) from a transmitter to a receiver