STS

• The Information Age

  Characterized by the rapid shift from traditional industry and a historic period in the 21st Century.
• Information Age

  Also called as "Computer age" "Digital age" "New Media age"
• Information Age

  Began at around 1970s and still going on today.
• Information Age

  Referred to people, information and societies that chronicle the birth and growth of electronic information.
• Periods of the Information Age?

  Pre-Mechanical – 3000 BC to 1450AD

  Mechanical – 1450 to 1840

  Electro-Mechanical - 1840 to 1940

  Electronic – Information – 1940 to Present
• Pre-Mechanical Age

  • Writing and Alphabets
  • Paper and Pen
  • Books and Libraries
  • Numbering Systems
  • The First Calculators
• Mechanical Age

  • Movable Type Printing
  • General Purpose Computers
  • Slide Rule
  • Key Punch Computer
• Electro-Mechanical Age

  • Telecommunications
  • Computing
• Information Age (Present)

  • Electronic Vacuum Tubes
  • Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
  • Manchester Mark 1
  • First Computer for Commercial Use
• Pioneers who belong to these periods

  • Blaise Pascal
  • Alexander Graham Bell
  • Steve Jobs
  • Bill Gates
• Personal Computer (1980s)

  They can be connected to local and national networks.
• Internet (1970s)

  In the early days, it was used mainly by scientists to communicate with other scientists. At this time, the internet users problem was speed.
• WORLD WIDE WEB (1990s)

  • For commercial purposes.
• INTERNET

  A Global system of interconnected computer networks that use the TCP/IP protocol to link devices worldwide
• World Wide Web

  Online content that is formatted in HTML and accessed via HTTP protocol
• World Wide Web

  Service provided by the internet
• Internet

  A massive interconnection of computer networks around the world
• Information Theory

  This studies the quantification, storage, and communication of information. It was originally proposed by Claude Shannon in 1948 in a landmark paper titled "A Mathematical Theory of Communication"
• Chromosomes

  threadlike structures made of protein and a single molecule of DNA that serve to carry the genomic information from cell to cell.
• Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

  The molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism.
• Gene Theraphy

  A medical approach that treats or prevents disease by correcting the underlying genetic problem.
• Gene therapies are being used to treat a small number of diseases, including an eye disorder called LEBER CONGENITAL AMAUROSIS and a muscle disorder called SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHY.
• Stem Cell Therapy

  It is the next chapter in organ transplantation and uses cells instead of donor organs, which are limited in supply.
• Embryonic stem cells

  These stem cells come from embryos that are 3 to 5 days old. At this stage, an embryo is called a blastocyst and has about 150 cells.
• Adult stem cells

  These stem cells are found in small numbers in most adult tissues, such as bone marrow or fat. Compared with embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells have a more limited ability to give rise to various cells of the body
• Adult cells altered to have properties of embryonic stem cells

  Scientists have transformed regular adult cells into stem cells using genetic reprogramming.
• Perinatal stem cells

  Researchers have discovered stem cells in amniotic fluid as well as umbilical cord blood. These stem cells can change into specialized cells.
• What are the different types of transplant?

  • Autologous transplant.
  • Allogenic transplant.
• GMO stands for?

  Genetically Modified Organisms
• GMO

  Organism one that has been altered through recombinant DNA technology.
• What is the most common genetically modified organisms?

  Crop plants
• What are the other terms for GMOs?

  Genetically Engineered

  Transgenic

  Recombinant DNA (rDNA) Technology
• GMOs do not include:

  • Mutants
  • Fusion of animal cells unless the product can form an animal
  • Plants formed by protoplast fusion
  • Plants formed by embryo rescue or in vitro fertilization or zygote implantation
  • Organisms formed by natural DNA transfer
• Genetic Modification

  • Very fast
  • Precise
  • Can introduce genes into an organism that would not occur naturally
  • It can occur between two types of species: (Human > Bacteria)
• Selective Breeding

  • Slow
  • Imprecise
  • Modification of genes that naturally occur in the organism
  • Occur between plant/animal of same species (Dog > dog)
• Three Main Method for GMOs

  • DNA Microinjection
  • Retrovirus-Mediated Gene Transfer
  • Embryonic Stem Cell-Mediated Gene Transfer
• Retrovirus-Mediated Gene Transfer

  Can be used to create transgenic animals.
• Genetically Engineered Embryonic Stem Cells

  Can be used to create transgenic animals.
• Two Most Common Types of GMOs

  1. Food
  2. Medicines
• Other Types of GMOs

  1. Mammals
  2. Insects
  3. Aquatic Life