Science Deck

• Biomolecules


  Molecules that make up living organisms, have a wide range of sizes and structures, and perform a vast array of functions.
• CHNOPS elements


  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
  • Nitrogen
  • Oxygen
  • Phosphorus
  • Sulfur
• The four major classes of Biomolecules are Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic acids, and Lipids
• Carbohydrates

  • Sugar found in milk (lactose)
  • Table sugar (sucrose)
• Cellulose


  • A polymer form of glucose that makes plant stands tall
• Starch and glycogen


  • Sugar polymers that make up the stored form of energy
  • Starch is found in plants and glycogen in animals
• Carbohydrates


  Composed of the elements: Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen (O)
• Carbohydrates


  These molecules are commonly known as sugar in layman's term.
• Carbohydrates


  • Often built into long chains by stringing together small units
• Carbohydrates


  • Sugar found in milk (lactose)
  • Table sugar (sucrose)
• Carbohydrates


  Chemically defined as polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or compounds which produce them on hydrolysis
• Carbohydrates


  They are collectively called saccharides, from the Greek word sakcharon which means sugar
• Types of carbohydrates


  • Monosaccharides (1 sugar unit)
  • Oligosaccharides (2-10 sugar units)
  • Polysaccharides (more than 10 units)
• Types of carbohydrates


  • Cellulose
  • Starch
  • Glycogen
• Carbohydrates


  • Excellent source of energy
  • Some have structural functions
• Cellulose


  A polymer form of glucose that makes plant stands tall
• Starch and glycogen


  • Sugar polymers that make up the stored form of energy
  • Starch is found in plants, glycogen in animals
• Proteins


  Another class of indispensable biomolecules, which make up around 50% of the cellular dry weight
• Myosin


  The protein that allows movement by contractions of muscles
• Ions like sodium, potassium, and chloride, and molecules like glucose are maintained at proper concentration for cells to function normally
• Catalysts


  Substances that speeds up a chemical reaction
• Enzymes


  Large group of proteins that enable the cells to carry out reactions fast
• Proteins


  Another class of indispensable biomolecules, which make up around 50% of the cellular dry weight
• Proteins


  Compromised of the elements: Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O), Hydrogen (H), and sometimes Sulfur (S)
• Proteins


  Polymer of amino acids, arranged in a form of chain called polypeptide
• Proteins


  • Depending on the structure of how a protein is arranged, it gives rise to a certain level of structural organization. The levels can be classified as primary, secondary, tertiary, and quarternary
• Proteins


  Play both structural and dynamic roles. They help form many of the structural features of the body including hair, nails, and muscles
• Proteins


  Also present as a major component of cell membranes
• Proteins


  Acts as carrier, or channels, facilitating the movement of ions in and out of the cells
• Proteins


  Also acts as a catalyst
• Enzymes


  Large group of proteins
• Lipids


  Refers to a wide variety of Biomolecules including: fats, oil, waxes, and steroid hormones
• Lipids


  • They do not dissolve in water, or they are hydrophobic
• Lipids


  • Primarily composed of Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Phosphorus (P), Sulfur (S), and may contain Nitrogen (N)
• Fats


  • An example of lipid that are a good source of stored energy
• Oils and waxes


  • An example of lipids that are used to form protective layers on our skin, preventing infections
• Steroid Hormones (A form of lipid)


  Important regulator of cell activity
• Nucleic Acids


  The main information-carrying molecules of the cell, and, by directing the process of protein synthesis, they determine the inherited characteristics of every living thing
• Nucleic Acids


  A naturally occuring chemical compound that is capable of being broken down to yield phosphoric acid, sugars, and a mixture of organic bases (purines and pyrimidines)
• Nucleic Acids


  • Compromised of Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Phosphorus (P), and Nitrogen (N)