Biochemistry

• Metabolism


  The chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life
• Catabolism


  The breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones
• Anabolism


  The building of larger molecules from smaller substrates
• Catabolism


  1. Break down larger molecules into smaller ones

  2. General strategy to extract H/e- to be delivered to the electron transport chain

  3. Sometimes to make ATP directly
• Anabolism


  1. Build larger molecules from smaller substrates

  2. Generally requires input of energy (ATP) or reducing power (NADPH, NADH)
• Metabolism


  The chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life
• Catabolism


  The breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones
• Reactions that require free energy can be coupled to ATP hydrolysis to make them thermodynamically favourable
• Anabolism


  The building of larger molecules from smaller substrates
• Types of reactions


  • Chemical (e.g. building protein)
  • Mechanical (Moving)
  • Transport (cells moving molecules across membrane against concentration gradient, ATP may be required)
• Catabolism


  1. Break down larger molecules into smaller ones

  2. General strategy to extract H/e- to be delivered to the electron transport chain

  3. Sometimes to make ATP directly
• Energy demand


  The rates of catabolic ATP generating pathways and anabolic (ATP utilising pathways) are regulated by the energy state within the cell
• Anabolism


  1. Build larger molecules from smaller substrates

  2. Generally requires input of energy (ATP) or reducing power (NADPH, NADH)
• Kinase


  Uses phosphate group to add more phosphates, catalyses a phosphorylation reaction
• Reactions that require free energy can be coupled to ATP hydrolysis to make them thermodynamically favourable
• Types of reactions


  • Chemical (e.g. building protein)
  • Mechanical (Moving)
  • Transport (cells moving molecules across membrane against concentration gradient, ATP may be required)
• Phosphatase


  Takes phosphate group off something, catalyzes dephosphorylation reactions
• Phosphorylases


  Uses phosphate group to split molecules apart, catalyses a phosphorolysis reaction
• Energy demand


  The rates of catabolic ATP generating pathways and anabolic (ATP utilising pathways) are regulated by the energy state within the cell
• Synthases


  Catalyses condensation reactions in which NO nucleotide triphosphate is required, DOES NOT NEED ATP
• Kinase


  Uses phosphate group to add more phosphates, catalyses a phosphorylation reaction
• Synthetases


  Catalyss condensation reactions that require a nucleotide triphosphate IS required, NEEDS ATP
• Phosphatase


  Takes phosphate group off something, catalyzes dephosphorylation reactions
• Dehydrogenases


  Catalyses equilibrium reaction, and oxidation-reduction reactions, usually involved in NAD+/FAD as cofactors, named for the substrate that is oxidised by NAD+/FAD
• NAD+/NADH


  H/-E strippers/carriers, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, becomes NADH, loves to oxidise -CH-CHOH-, donates H/e- too complex 1
• Phosphorylases


  Uses phosphate group to split molecules apart, catalyses a phosphorolysis reaction
• Synthases


  Catalyses condensation reactions in which NO nucleotide triphosphate is required, DOES NOT NEED ATP
• FAD/FADH2


  H/-E strippers/carriers, Flavin adenine dinucleotide, accepts/donates 2 proteins (H+) and 2 electrons (e-), loves to oxidise -CH2-CH2 to -CH=CH-, becomes FADH2, present INSIDE complex 2 (inner mitochondrial membrane)
• Synthetases


  Catalyss condensation reactions that require a nucleotide triphosphate IS required, NEEDS ATP
• Dehydrogenases


  Catalyses equilibrium reaction, and oxidation-reduction reactions, usually involved in NAD+/FAD as cofactors, named for the substrate that is oxidised by NAD+/FAD
• Coenzyme A


  Carrier of acyl groups, great for trapping metabolites within cell, fuels oxidation
• NAD+/NADH


  H/-E strippers/carriers, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, becomes NADH, loves to oxidise -CH-CHOH-, donates H/e- too complex 1
• FAD/FADH2


  H/-E strippers/carriers, Flavin adenine dinucleotide, accepts/donates 2 proteins (H+) and 2 electrons (e-), loves to oxidise -CH2-CH2 to -CH=CH-, becomes FADH2, present INSIDE complex 2 (inner mitochondrial membrane)
• Krebs cycle


  Fuels have been fully oxidised, joins onto a carrier - oxaloacetate
• Coenzyme A


  Carrier of acyl groups, great for trapping metabolites within cell, fuels oxidation
• Krebs cycle


  Fuels have been fully oxidised, joins onto a carrier - oxaloacetate
• The H/e- carriers are in short supply
• The H/e- carriers are in short supply
• ADP is in short supply (ATP concentration of 5mM if it goes to 3 mM the cell dies)
• ADP is in short supply (ATP concentration of 5mM if it goes to 3 mM the cell dies)