anaphy quiz

• Cell


  Structural unit and functional unit of life, performs all life processes
• Cytology


  Science about the cell
• Examples of cells


  • Animal cell - human blood smear showing RBC and WBC
  • Plant cell - Hydrilla leaf cell emphasizing the chloroplasts
  • Protozoa - Amoeba
  • Bacterial cell - E. Coli
• Organelles


  • Basic cell parts that perform the physiological activities of the cell
• Multicellular organisms


  • Plants & Animals
• Ribosomes


  80S in eukaryotes, 70S in prokaryotes
• Mitosis and Meiosis


  Cell division processes
• 3 basic parts of the cell

  • Plasma membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Nucleus
• Prokaryotic cell


  Has "false" nucleus, non-membrane bound organelles, unicellular, bacteria, 70S ribosomes, binary fission
• Eukaryotic cell


  Has "true" nucleus, membrane-bound & non-membrane bound organelles
• Cell membrane


  Covers and protects the cell, gives shape, regulates movement of materials (semi-permeable), phosphate layers are hydrophilic, lipid layers are hydrophobic, contains various materials/molecules
• Cell wall


  None in animal cells, porous, no direct effect on movement of materials, components depend on organism (plants have cellulose, fungi have chitin), provides support and protection
• Cytoplasm


  Contains organelles and chemical elements/compounds, 70% is sol (semi-liquid), 30% is gel (semi-solid)
• Endoplasmic reticulum


  System of membranous tubules and sacs, "circulatory system of the cell", internal transport system, lined with ribosomes for protein synthesis and transport, also transports other materials
• Ribosomes


  Protein micro-machines, sites for protein synthesis, polysome/polyribosome are groups of 80S ribosomes working together, free ribosomes float in cytoplasm, attached ribosomes line ER membranes
• Mitochondria


  "Powerhouse of the cell", large organelles, ATP manufacturer, metabolize carbohydrates and fatty acids to generate energy, semi-autonomous with own DNA, double-membrane structure with smooth outer and folded inner membrane (cristae)
• Golgi apparatus


  Also called Golgi complex or Golgi body, processing and packaging plant, secretory vesicle transport agent, involved in distribution of lipids, collects and dispatches proteins synthesized in ER, builds lysosomes
• Centrioles


  Organizing centers for microtubules, contain 2 bundles of microtubules at right angles, form spindle fibers for chromosome separation during cell division
• Centrosomes


  House the centrioles
• Lysosomes


  Tiny sacs produced by Golgi body, contain digestive enzymes, act as "suicide sacs" when cell is damaged, digest excess and worn-out organelles, engulfed bacteria/viruses, help keep cell clean
• Peroxisomes


  Formerly known as microbodies, contain enzymes that oxidize fatty acids and amino acids, byproduct is hydrogen peroxide, oversee reactions that neutralize free radicals
• Cisternae


  Fused flattened sacs or folds, also called dictyosomes
• Vacuoles


  Membrane-bound fluid sacs, storage bubbles, store large amounts of various materials, assist in exocytosis and endocytosis, transport needed materials in and waste out of cell
• Cytoskeleton


  Complex network of interlinking filaments or tubules, "cell skeleton", provides structure, shape, and support, facilitates movement and repair
• Cilia and flagella


  Hair-like and thread-like projections for cell movement
• Nucleus


  Normally the largest organelle, "brain of the cell", contains nuclear envelope with pores to control movement of materials, contains nucleolus for protein synthesis
• Chloroplasts


  Sites of photosynthesis, contain thylakoids (flattened membranous sacs with chlorophyll), grana (piles of thylakoids), and stroma (spaces for exchange of materials)
• Chromosomes


  House the genes (DNA), hereditary material containing instructions for traits and characteristics
• Cell cycle


  Series of events in a cell leading to division and DNA replication, includes interphase (G1, S, G2) and M-phase (mitosis and meiosis)
• Somatic cells


  Make up body tissues and organs, diploid chromosomes, undergo mitosis, similar but not identical
• Germinal cells


  Gametes, reproductive cells, haploid chromosomes, undergo meiosis
• Haploid chromosomes


  One copy of genetic material
• Diploid chromosomes


  Two copies of genetic material
• Homologous chromosomes


  Have alleles for same genes at specific loci
• Meiosis I


  Prophase I - chromosomes become visible, meiotic spindle forms, nuclear envelope disappears

  Leptotene - condensation of chromosomes

  Zygotene - pairing of homologous chromosomes, synapsis begins

  Pachytene - bivalent formed, crossing-over occurs

  Diplotene - coiling stage, chiasmata holds homologous chromosomes

  Diakinesis - recondensation, tetrad chromosomes visible, terminalization of chiasmata

  Metaphase I - chromosomes at metaphase plate

  Anaphase I - homologous chromosomes separate

  Telophase I - nuclear envelope reforms, cytokinesis
• Meiosis II


  Prophase II - chromosomes condense

  Metaphase II - chromosomes at metaphase plate

  Anaphase II - sister chromatids separate

  Telophase II - nuclear envelope reforms, cytokinesis, 4 haploid daughter cells formed
• Crossing-over occurs during Pachytene stage of Meiosis I
• Chiasmata hold homologous chromosomes together during Diplotene stage of Meiosis I
• Centromeres separate during Anaphase II of Meiosis II
• Cytokinesis occurs during Telophase II of Meiosis II