solid

• Solid


  • Definite shape and definite volume
  • Strong intermolecular forces exist between the particles
  • Cannot be compressed
  • Do not fill the container
• Crystalline solid


  • Regular arrangement of particles in space
  • Long order in arrangement of the particles
• Amorphous solid


  • Irregular arrangement of particles in space
  • Short order in arrangement of the particles
• Crystalline solid


  True solid
• Amorphous solid


  Pseudo-solid or supercooled liquid
• Crystalline solids have true properties of solids
• Amorphous solids have fake properties of solids
• Amorphous solids can flow like liquids over time if temperature changes
• Melting point of crystalline solids

  Sharp, range less than 5 degrees Celsius
• Melting point of amorphous solids

  Ranged, greater than 5 degrees Celsius
• Examples of crystalline solids

  • Sodium chloride
  • Iron
  • Gold
  • Sugar
• Examples of amorphous solids

  • Glass
  • Rubber
  • Wax
• Types of crystalline solids

  • Ionic solids
  • Metallic solids
  • Covalent solids
  • Molecular solids
• Ionic solids


  Contain ionic bonds
• Metallic solids


  Contain metallic bonds
• Covalent solids


  Contain covalent bonds
• Molecular solids


  Contain covalent bonds
• Examples of ionic solids

  • Sodium chloride
  • Calcium carbonate
  • Magnesium oxide
• Examples of metallic solids


  • Iron
  • Gold
  • Silver
• Examples of covalent solids

  • Diamond
  • Graphite
  • Silicon dioxide
• Examples of molecular solids


  • Ice
  • Sugar
  • Carbon dioxide
• Ionic solids


  • Made up of cations and anions (metals and non-metals)
  • High melting points
  • Brittle
  • Insulating in solid state, conducting in molten or aqueous solution
• Metallic solids


  • Made up of metal atoms with sea of delocalized electrons
  • High melting points
  • Malleable and ductile
  • Good conductors of electricity
• Covalent solids


  • Made up of non-metal atoms
  • High melting points
  • Hard
  • Poor conductors or semiconductors of electricity
• Molecular solids


  • Made up of molecules
  • Low melting points
  • Soft
  • Insulators, non-conductors