Psychopathology

• What does the failure to function adequately definition of abnormality entail?

  It refers to individuals who cannot cope with daily life challenges
• Who proposed the features of failure to function adequately?

  Rosenhan and Seligman
• What are some characteristics of individuals who fail to function adequately?

  They show behaviour such as- severe personal distress, irrationality, conforming to interpersonal rules
• What does statistical infrequency refer to in the context of abnormality?

  It defines someone as abnormal if their mental condition is very rare in the population
• What is one criterion for diagnosing intellectual disability disorder according to the DSM-5?

  Having an IQ of 70 points or fewer
• What is the main criticism of the statistical infrequency definition of abnormality?

  Not all statistically rare traits are negative
• What does the deviation from ideal mental health definition focus on?

  It defines features of ideal mental health and deviation from these indicates abnormality
• Who proposed the six features of ideal mental health?

  Jahoda in 1958
• What is one limitation of the deviation from ideal mental health definition?

  It sets too strict a set of criteria for defining mental health
• What are the characteristics of phobias?

  • Behavioral: Avoidance of phobic objects
  • Emotional: High anxiety and panic responses
  • Cognitive: Irrational thoughts and fears
• What are the characteristics of depression?

  • Behavioral: Reduction in activity level and changes in eating behavior
  • Emotional: Persistent low mood and feelings of guilt
  • Cognitive: Poor concentration and negative schemas
• What are the characteristics of OCD?

  • Behavioral: Compulsions and avoidance behaviors
  • Emotional: High anxiety and persistent arousal
  • Cognitive: Obsessions and hypervigilance
• What does the two-process model describe in relation to phobias?

  It explains how phobias are acquired and maintained through conditioning
• What is the role of classical conditioning in the acquisition of phobias?

  It associates a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus that causes fear
• What is the role of operant conditioning in the maintenance of phobias?

  It reinforces avoidance behavior by reducing anxiety
• How does generalization relate to phobias?

  It refers to experiencing a conditioned fear response to similar stimuli
• What is systematic desensitization?

  It is a therapy that gradually exposes clients to their phobic stimulus while teaching relaxation techniques
• What is flooding in the context of phobia treatment?

  It involves immediate and full exposure to the maximum level of the phobic stimulus
• What is a key difference between systematic desensitization and flooding?

  Systematic desensitization is gradual, while flooding is immediate exposure
• What is Beck's negative triad in relation to depression?

  It consists of negative thoughts about the self, the world, and the future
• What does Ellis's ABC model stand for?

  A is for activating event, B is for belief, and C is for consequence
• What is the main focus of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for depression?

  To change negative schemas and challenge irrational thoughts
• What is the effectiveness rate of CBT after 36 weeks of treatment?

  81%
• What is the genetic explanation for OCD?

  OCD is inherited and involves multiple candidate genes
• What is the role of serotonin in OCD?

  Low serotonin levels are associated with OCD symptoms
• What is the worry circuit in relation to OCD?

  It is a set of brain structures that are overactive in people with OCD
• What are SSRIs and their role in treating OCD?

  SSRIs are antidepressants that inhibit the reuptake of serotonin
• What are some common side effects of drug therapy for OCD?

  Nausea, headache, and insomnia
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of drug therapy compared to CBT?

  Advantages:

  • Drug therapy is relatively inexpensive
  • It requires less time commitment from patients

  
  

  Disadvantages:

  • Drug therapy can have side effects
  • CBT empowers patients and promotes personal efficacy
• one strength of failure to function adequately is it represents a good threshold for needing support, as that's when symptoms begin to display
• one weakness of failure to function adequately is it is subjective
• Deviation from ideal mental health

  -Rational

  -Self actualise

  -good self esteem

  -cope with stress

  -independence

  -successfully work love and enjoy our leisure