RECITATION

• SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (SNS)

  • Fight or flight
  • It increases blood flow in all systems except GI ( constipation) and GU (retention)
  • Adrenergic response because it response to norepinephrine and epinephrine
• Cortex

  • Part of Adrenal Gland that Produces steroid
  • SSS- Salt (Aldosterone), Sugar (Cortisol), Sex (Androgen)
• Medulla

  -Part of Adrenal Gland that stimulates epinephrine/norepinephrine
• PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (ONS)

  • Rest and digest
  • Cholinergic response
  • Increases blood flow in GI ( Diarrhea, Hypersecretion, Hyperacidity) and GU (Incontinence)
• Functions of Nervous System

  1. Monitoring changes
  2. Interpretation of sensory output
  3. Effects responses
  4. Mental activity
  5. Homeostasis
• CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)

  • Consist of brain and spinal cord
  • Responsible for integrating, processing and coordinating sensory data and motor commands.
• PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)

  • consist of neural tissue outside the CNS
  • Consist mainly of Cranial nerves and spinal nerves that extends from brain and spinal cord
• WHAT ARE THE 12 CRANIAL NERVES

  1. Olfactory
  2. Optic
  3. Oculomotor
  4. Trochlear
  5. Trigeminal
  6. Abducens
  7. Facial
  8. Auditory/ Vestibulocochlear
  9. Glossopharyngeal
  10. Vagus
  11. Accessories
  12. Hypoglossal
• WHAT ARE THE SPINAL NERVES

  1. Cervical
  2. Thoracic
  3. Lumbar
  4. Sacral
  5. Coccyx
• AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

  • Allows nervous system regulates events that are automatic or involuntary
• SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

  • Allows us to consciously or voluntarily control our skeletal muscles
• TWO DIVISIONS OF PNS

  1. Somatic
  2. Autonomic
• TWO SUBDIVISIONS OF AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

  1. Sympathetic
  2. Parasympathetic
• SOMATIC SENSORY FIBERS

  • sensory fibers that delivering impulses from skin, skeletal muscles and joints
• VISCERAL SENSORY FIBERS

  • transmit impulses from visceral organs
• SENSORY DIVISION

  • Afferent division
  • Composed of nerve fibers that convey impulses to the central nervous systems from sensory receptors located in various parts of the body
• MOTOR DIVISION

  • Efferent division
  • Carries impulses from CNS to effector organs,the muscles and glands
• NEUROGLIA

  • "nerve glue"
  • Support, insulate and protect the delicate neurons
  • Also called as Glia or Glial cells
• ASTROCYTES

  • It serves as a barrier between capillaries and neuron
  • Play role in making exchanges between the two to protect neurons from harmful substances that might be in the blood
• MICROGLIA

  • Spiderlike phagocytes that dispose of debris including dead brain cells and bacteria
• OLIGODENDROCYTES

  • These are glia that wrap their fat extensions tightly around the nerve fibers, producing fatty insulating coverings called myelin sheaths.
• SCHWANN CELLS

  • form the myelin sheaths around nerve fibers that are found in the PNS.
• SATELLITE CELLS

  • act as protective, cushioning cells
• NEURONS/ NERVE CELLS

  • are highly specialized to transmit messages (nerve impulses) from one part of the body to another.
• Cell body

  • is the metabolic center of the neuron;
  • it has a transparent nucleus with a conspicuous nucleolus; the rough ER, called Nissl substance, and neurofibrils are particularly abundant in the cell body.
• Processes

  • The armlike processes, or fibers, vary in length from microscopic to 3 to 4 feet
  • Dendrons convey incoming messages toward the cell body
  • Axons generate nerve impulses and typically conduct them away from the cell body.
• Axon terminals

  • contain hundreds of tiny vesicles, or membranous sacs that contain neurotransmitters.
• Synaptic cleft

  • Each axon terminal is separated from the next neuron by a tiny gap
• Myelin sheaths

  • Most long nerve fibers are covered with a whitish, fatty material called which has a waxy appearance
  • protects and insulates the fibers and increases the transmission rate of nerve impulses.
• Nodes of Ranvier

  • gaps, or indentations in neuron between schwann cells and myelin sheath
• During embryonic development, the CNS first appears as a simple tube, the neural tube, which extends down the dorsal median plan of the developing embryo's body.
• Brain

  • largest and most complex mass of nervous tissue in the body
• Four major regions of the brain

  • cerebral hemispheres
  • diencephalon
  • brain stem
  • cerebellum.
• Cerebral hemisphere

  • most superior part of the brain, and together are a good deal larger than the other three brain regions
• Gyri

  • elevated ridges of tissue
  • separated by shallow grooves called sulci
• Fissures

  • the deeper grooves of tissue which separate large regions of the brain
  • the cerebral hemispheres are separated by a single deep fissure, the Longitudinal fissure.
• Lobes.

  • fissures or sulci divide each hemisphere into a number of lobes, named for the cranial bones that lie over them.
• Regions of cerebral hemisphere

  • gray matter
  • Internal white matter
  • basal nuclei.
• Cerebral cortex

  • Speech, memory, logical and emotional response, as well as consciousness, interpretation of sensation, and voluntary movement
• Parietal lobe

  • The primary somatic sensory area is located in this area posterior to the central sulcus
  • impulses traveling from the body's sensory receptors are localized and interpreted in this area