TOA - international architects

• Marcel Breuer


  An Italian architect, a founder of "Tubular Steel Chair" inspired by a bicycle
• Marcel Breuer's philosophy


  • "Nature & buildings are 2 different things"
  • "A building has straight lines..."
• Marcel Breuer's architectural works

  1. Amerikanismus - increase interest in american techniques

  2. Constructivism Fantasy - each floor is projected out towards the...

  3. Harnishmacker house - ...
• Fundamental ways of new architecture

  • Wide and open for light and vent
  • Maximum simplicity's
  • Balance
  • Flat roofs
  • Minutely studied practical floorplans
• Marcel Breuer's two types of house design

  • Long house - designed with living areas at one end
  • Bi-nuclear house / H-plan - designed separating activities into distinct functional areas for "sleeping versus living"
• Marcel Breuer's works

  • Whitney museum of american art
• Felix Candela


  A concrete engineer who popularized "thin shell" structures, not an architect but an engineer
• Wells Coates


  An English architect, known as pioneer of international modern style in England
• Wells Coates' philosophy


  "Simplicity and functionality is the essence of design"
• Antonio "Antoni" Gaudi


  A Spanish architect, known for his free-flowing works
• Antonio Gaudi's 6 influences

  • His father influences - a coppersmith
  • Environment
  • Mediterranean coast - developed his plastic work
  • Sagrada familia - a pattern from ant's hill
• Walter Gropius


  Founder of "Bauhaus" (building house), famous slogan of Bauhaus is "art and architecture: the unity"
• Walter Gropius' advocators of international movement and features

  • Glass curtain wall
  • Unrelieved cubic blocks
• Walter Gropius was the adviser of T.A.C. (the architects' collaborative) consisting young architects</b>
• Walter Gropius' commissioned works

  • Fagus factory - work with Adolph Meyer
• Philip C. Johnson


  His early work was influenced by Mies Van Der Rohe, who equated with an exhibition of modern architecture in 1932, he invented the "international style" with Henry Russell Hitchcock
• Characteristics of Philip C. Johnson's work

  • Concept of architecture as volume rather than mass
  • Regularity rather than axial symmetry
• Philip C. Johnson's works

  • Glass house
  • AT&T building, New York - considered first major monument "the father of post modernism ..."
• Le Corbusier


  He implied a house should be set out with the same precision as a machine, Father of Brutalism
• Le Corbusier's philosophy

  "The house is a machine to live in"
• Le Corbusier's Modulor system

  A grid base on the stature of man
• Le Corbusier's Domino system of construction

  His answer to pre-fabricated construction material
• Le Corbusier's major works

  • Le Pavillion de L'esprit Nouveau
  • Villa Savoye, Poissy - all his 5 points for design are present
• Le Corbusier's 5 points of contemporary architecture


  • Free standing support - a building are like to be lifted from the ground
  • Pilotis - replacement of supporting walls a by grid
  • Free facade - open and closed sections on the facade enable
  • Free designing of the ground plan - the absence of supporting walls
  • Roof garden - flat roof can be utilized for a domestic purpose while also providing essential protection to the concrete roof
• Le Corbusier's trademarks

  • Rough texture and exposed aggregate
  • Dramatic colors (neutral)
  • Rhythmical balconies
  • Sun breakers or also known as "brise-soleil"
  • Superblock - huge slab raised on stills and top with roof gardens
• Le Corbusier's example of superblocks

  • Ministry of Education and Health Building
• Unite de Habitacion


  Name of modernist residential housing principles, in Marseille, France, 1947, Brutalist
• Brise Soleil


  French word meaning "sun breaker"
• Adolf Loos


  Firm believer of functionalism, non-ornamental symmetrical structures, believer of monumentalism
• Adolf Loos' characteristics

  • Plain white walls
  • Rectilinear lines
  • Rectangular fenestration >> window, means opening in the walls, "fenestra" = window
• Adolf Loos' philosophy


  "Ornament equals crime"
• Adolf Loos' works


  • Steiner House, Vienna
  • Rufer House - was designed for Joseph and Marie Rufer, First example of new style of Raumplan
• Robert Maillart


  Practiced architecture but an engineer, developed the "concrete mushroom construction" technique
• Auguste Perret


  Creator of reinforced concrete architecture, in which all elements of the reinforced concrete remain visible
• Auguste Perret's theories


  • "Truth is indispensable, and every architecture lie corrupts"
  • "Any project is bad if it is more difficult or complicated to construct the necessary"
• Auguste Perret's works


  • Eiffel Tower, Paris
• Otto Wagner


  Austrian architect and urban planner, credited with bringing modernity to Vienna
• Otto Wagner's philosophy


  "Nothing that is not practical can be beautiful"
• Louis Kahn


  Considered as an important architect due to his highly ordered sequence of spaces and noble structural system
• Louis Kahn's philosophy


  "Searching for what a material wants to be"