MIDTERMS NRES

• It is at this point where the investigator defines theobject of the study and conveys the questions orboarder issues motivating the research.

  statement of the problem
• This constitutes the scientific justification for the study; i.e., the basis of the need for research to generate further knowledge that will contribute to existing knowledge.

  statement of the problem
• The problem statement should make a convincing argument that there is not sufficient knowledge available to explain the problem and its possible alternative solutions, or it should make a convincing argument for the need to test what is known and taken as fact, if it is called into question by new findings or conditions.

  statement of the problem
• The discussion in this section should show that theinvestigator has documented this problem and performedan exhaustive bibliographic review of the subject.

  statement of the problem
• are constructed in order to explain, predictand master phenomena (e.g. relationships, events, orthe behavior). In many instances we are constructingmodels of reality.

  theory
• makes generalizations about observationsand consists of an interrelated, coherent set of ideasand models.

  theory
• is a structurethat can hold or support a theory of a researchwork. It presents the theory which explains whythe problem under study exists

  theoretical framework
• theory thatserves as a basis for conducting research.

  theoretical framework
• purpose of theoretical framework

  • It helps the researcher see clearly the variables of thestudy; • It can provide him with a general framework for dataanalysis; • It is essential in preparing a research proposal usingdescriptive and experimental methods
• helps us to think systematically which means looking at outputs or key resultsand from this perspective, to examine the required inputs and necessary processor throughputs (systematic logic becomes easier)

  Inputs-Process/Throughputs-Outputs (IPO)
• It is the researcher’s own position on the problem and givesdirection to the study.

  conceptual framework
• It may be an adaptation of a model used in a previous study,with modifications to suit the inquiry

  conceptual framework
• Aside from showing the direction of the study, through the _____, the researcher can be able to show the relationships of the different constructs that he wants to investigate.

  conceptual framework
• usually taken from the dictionary

  Conceptual definition
• expresses the meaning of terms as usedin the particular field of the study

  Operational definition
• 2.1. Selecting an appropriate research design 2.2. Specifying the population 2.3. Specifying the methods 2.4. Designing the plan for selecting the sample 2.5. Finalizing and reviewing all aspects of theresearch plan 2.6. Conducting a pilot study and making revisions

  Phase 2 The Design and Planning Phase
• The plans or ___form the structure and theresearcher’s method of answering his questions and conductingstudies

  research design
• is categorized according to the procedure thecollects and analyze data based on the way information iscollected

  research design
• Two basic research designs:

  ✓ Qualitative✓ Quantitative
• – a systematic and critical inquiry of the whole truth ofpast events using the critical method in understanding and theinterpretation of facts which are applicable to current issues and problems.

  Historical Research
• – the study focuses at the present condition and thepurpose is to describe and find new truth which includes case studies andsurvey research.

  Descriptive Research
• – the researcher examines carefully the relationships(similarities or difference) among several variables.

  Comparative Research
• – seeks to answer question about causation;researchers attribute the change in one variable to the effect of one or morevariable.

  Experimental Research
• A brief description of the place where participants orrespondents are to be obtained

  Locale and Population of the Study
• ▪ The researcher(s) must explain how and where the subjects aretaken and the bring description of the respondents. ▪ The agency and frequency of subjects must be mentioned ▪ Subjects must be adequate

  Description of the Respondents
• – can be done through the lottery method ortable of random numbers

  Simple Random Sampling
• sampling interval formula

  sampling interval = total population/desired sample size
• – used in large scale surveys; sampling larger groupingsthen smaller groupings

  Cluster Sampling
• – obtained when the researcher selectswhatever sampling units are conveniently available

  Accidental or Convenience Sampling
• – The sample depends upon the subjective judgment ofthe researcher.

  Purposive Sampling
• – researcher(s) have an assignment of a “_” or a certain number that must be covered by the research including several criterias.

  Quota Sampling
• - starts with known sources of information who orwhich will in turn give other sources of information.

  Snowball Sampling
• two opposite adjectives with aseven-point scale between them

  Semantic differentials:
• ordered series

  Ranking techniques:
• Criteria for a Good Instrument

  • Reliability • Validity
• Concerns its consistency; extent to which the instrumentconsistently measures the concepts of interest

  • Reliability–
• – Determines the extent to which the instrument actuallyreflects the abstract construct/concept being studied

  Validity
• Constructing Research Tools

  • Questionnaire • Interview Guides • Observation Guides • FGD Guides
• Quantitative Data collection

  • Survey• Records• Questionnaires
• Qualitative Data Collection

  • Interview • Observation • Focus Group Discussion