LECT

• Mission


  To develop competitive graduates and empowered community members by providing relevant, innovative and transformative knowledge, research, extension and production programs and services through progressive enhancement of its human resource capabilities and institutional mechanism
• Vision


  A leading univerity in the Philippines recognized for its proactive contribution to Sustainable Development through equitable inclusive programs and services by 2030
• Man


  A fascinating organism
• The study of man

  1. How he came to being

  2. How each part of the body works and how it is related to other parts

  3. What makes him grow and acquire mechanism

  4. How he communicates with others of his kind
• Man


  • A bio-psycho-socio-spiritual being
  • A psycho-physiological organism with rational power as a biological organism
  • Psycho - freedom to think and has his own will
  • Physio - Body function
  • Rational (logical) - capable of reasoning out
  • Biological - with life
• Two approaches in the study of man

  • Atomistic approach
  • Holistic approach
• Atomistic approach


  • Man is made up of: cells - tissues - organs - system
  • Anatomist - studies structure of cell and the component parts
  • Physiologist - determines how the cell functions
  • Byrne and Thompson - calls such detail detailed study of man the atomistic approach
  • Atomistic - connotes something which is infinitely small, such as an atom
  • Organism is composed of different organ system, each system is composed of organs, each organ is made up of tissues and then cells
• Holistic approach


  • Man is viewed as a whole organism
  • Byrne and Thompson - call this approach as holistic or total - for it provides a fundamental framework on which one can base his perception or observation of the total behavior of man in relation to society
  • Holistic view - traces patterns of man's relationship with other beings in the supra system of the society
  • Given varying situations, how man acts and how man reacts to situational stimuli provides clues in understanding the nature responses & reason for them
• Man as a biological being


  • A living organism that from birth is destined to die
  • Cell - organ - organ system is found within the individual, so they comprise the subordinate system - important in carrying out ADL - vital to survival
  • Family - community - society consist of bigger units of man are called superordinate system - provides man with necessary relationship framework, which links him to the family, community and society
• Cellular behavior


  The simplest functional unit
• Cell is the basic unit or building block structures of all forms of plant and animal life
• Approximately 100 trillion cells comprise the human body
• Cells carry out precise and highly specialized functions that interweave harmoniously with the activities and functions of the other cells
• As a result of coordinated cellular activities, the body grows and develops into an integrated whole
• Organismic behavior


  • Man normally responds as unified whole not a series of integrated parts
  • His mind & body operates as a whole & his body structures conform to the purpose for which each part was made
  • Since the mind operates in conjunction with the body, what affects one affects the other; neither one stands alone
• Organismic behavior


  • Man as a whole is different from and more than the sum of his component parts
  • Utilizes food as nutrient for body, for maintenance and repair of cells, & for maintenance & regulation of vital process
  • If he takes contaminated food during preparation or in its storage, or if inadequate in amount, or is deficient in vitamins & minerals man will become ill or fail to develop normally
• Organismic behavior


  • Refers to those observable features and actions that reflect man's functioning as a unified whole within the environment in which he exist
  • It reflects the dynamic changes that occur in him as a result of alteration he has made or has met in his internal and external environment
• Man as a system


  • A whole which function as a whole by the virtue of interdependence of its parts
  • A set of interrelated parts that form a unified whole
  • A system may be composed of subsystem - each is designed to carry out an activity which in turn, is necessary for achieving the general purpose of the system
• Types of system


  • Close system - self-sufficient and totally isolated from other system
  • Open system - one which exchanges matter, energy or information with the environment surrounding it
• Man is an open system - he is composed of subsystem which acts as unified whole
• What affects one subsystem easily affects other subsystem/s within the set
• Man as a psycho-social being

  • Man is a "unique, irreplaceable individual, a one time being in this world
  • Irreplaceable - means that an entity cannot be exchanged for another
  • One Time Being - in this world - means that when he dies he ceases to exist, there is no second chance for living
• Man as a psychosocial being

  • Capable of rational, logical thinking most of the time but can become irrational and illogical when provoked
  • Rational Side: Merciful, Kind and Compassionate
  • Irrational Behavior: Makes him commit criminal acts against another man
  • Capable of relating with others
• Nursing as an Art

  • Caring
  • Teaching and Learning (Client Education/Patient Teaching)
• Man as a spiritual being

  • Body, Mind & Spirit
  • Intellect - allows man to look for the truth, gives him the ability to perceive his surroundings or to understand the meanings of event as they relate to him or to his loved ones
  • Will - expresses man's own wishes, desire or longing to do what he has set his mind to do, gives the power of conscious and deliberate action or self-control in initiating, sustaining or terminating human activity
• Man as a spiritual being

  • When he believes in God - put those beliefs into action
  • Composed of Mind, Spirit and Soul
  • Deals with three virtue of Man: Faith, Hope, Charity
• Caring


  • Means that person's events, projects, and things matter to people
  • It is a word of being connected
  • It reveals what is stressful and the available opinions for coping
  • Caring creates possibilities
  • It is the essence and central unifying, and dominant domain that distinguishes nursing from the other health disciplines
  • Care is an essential human need, necessary for the health and survival of all individuals
  • Acts of caring refer to the direct and indirect nurturant and skillful activities, processes, and decision that assist people in ways that are empathetic, compassionate, and supportive; and that are dependent on the needs, problem and values of the individual being assisted
  • Caring - healing is communicated through the consciousness of the nurse to the individual being cared for
  • Transpersonal caring expands the limit of openness and allows access to higher human spirit, thus expanding human consciousness
• Man as an emotional being


  • Man's feeling and emotion (+) love and (-) anger
  • Four Major Attributes of Human Being: The capacity to think or conceptualize on the abstract level, Family Formation, The tendency to seek and maintain a territory, The ability to use the verbal symbols as language, a means of developing and maintaining culture
• Man is a whole being


  • Breath
  • Eat and drink
  • Eliminate
  • Move and maintain posture
  • Sleep and rest
  • Dress and undress
  • Keep clean
  • Avoid danger
  • Communicate
  • Worship
  • Work
  • Play
  • Learn
  • Maintain body temperature
• Need


  Something that is desirable, useful or necessary
• Human needs are physiologic or psychologic conditions that an individual must meet to achieve a state of health or well-being
• Maslow's hierarchy of basic human needs

  • Physiological needs
  • Safety and security needs
  • Love and belongingness
  • Self-esteem needs
  • Self-actualization needs
• Physiological needs


  • Also referred as basic needs
  • Must be met at least minimally for life to continue
  • Below the level of subsistence, death occurs
  • Oxygen, Fluids, Nutrition, Body Temperature, Elimination, Rest and Sleep, Sex/Procreation (reproduction)
• Safety and security needs

  • Physiological - e.g. Bedside rails up (in post-op patient)
  • Socio-emotional - e.g. Job, Insurance
  • Psychological - e.g. Parental Guidance
  • Safety is both physiological and psychological
  • We need a safe physical environment, a shelter but also the feeding of psychological safety
  • To feel safe and secured, we need regular contact with people we trust and feel close to
• Love and belongingness

  • The security that we gain from love and belonging enhances the feeling of safety
  • The need to love and be loved
  • The need to care and be cared for
  • The need for affection, to associate or to belong
  • The need to establish fruitful & meaningful relationship with people, institution or organization
• Self-esteem needs


  • Needs to be well thought of by oneself as well as by others
  • Self-worth
  • Self-identity
  • Self-respect
  • Body image
• Self-actualization needs


  • The need to read one's potential through development of one's unique capabilities
  • The need to learn, create and understand or comprehend
  • The need for harmonious relationship
  • The need for beauty or aesthetics
  • The need to be self-fulfilled
  • The need for spiritual fulfillment
• Maslow's characteristics of self-actualized person

  • Is realistic, sees life clearly, and is objective about his or her observations
  • Judges people correctly
  • Has superior perception, and is more decisive
  • Has clear notion to what is right or wrong
  • Is usually accurate in predicting future events
  • Understands art, music, politics, and philosophy
  • Possesses humility, listens to others carefully
  • Is dedicated to some work, task, duty or vacation
  • Is highly creative, flexible, spontaneous, courageous, and willing to make mistakes
  • Is open to new ideas
  • Is self-confident and has self-respect
  • Has low degree of self-conflict, personality is integrated
  • Respects self, does not need fame, possesses the feeling of self-control
  • Is highly independent, desires privacy
  • Can appear remote and detached
  • Is friendly, loving and governed more by inner directives than by society
  • Can make decisions contrary to popular opinion
  • Is problem centered rather than self-centered
  • Accept the world for what it is
• Characteristics of basic human needs

  • Needs are universal
  • Needs may be stimulated by external & internal factors
  • Priorities may be altered
  • Needs may be deferred
  • Needs are interrelated
• Qualities that indicate achievement of one's potential

  • Acceptance of self and others as they are
  • Focus of interest on problems outside of self
  • Ability to be objective
  • Feelings of happiness and affection for others
  • Respect for all person
  • Ability to discriminate between good and evil
  • Creativity as guideline for solving problems and carrying interest