QUIZ

• Geology


  Looking at the natural hazards, climate changes, mineral resources, impact of environmental developments, changes in the earth's geography, etc. Base level study of earth. Internal and external process
• Aristotle


  • Concluded that the position of land and sea had changed over a long period of time as fossils from rocks were similar to those found on the beach, indicating the fossils were once living animals
• Copernicus


  • The earth revolves around the sun
• James Ussher (Catastrophism)


  • Catastrophe believer. Landscapes are formed due to catastrophe
• James Hutton (Uniformitarianism)


  • Theory of the earth. "Physical, chemical, and biological laws that operated today have also operated in the geologic past"
• Siccar Point


  • Tectonically disturbed
  • Horizontal - Vertical
  • Vertical beds overlaid by horizontal beds
• Earth Science


  Different process of geology
• Geosciences


  Earth science that is partnered with other disciplines of science
• Nebular Hypothesis

  • The solar system evolved from an enormous rotating cloud called the solar nebula
  • The nebula was composed mostly of hydrogen and helium
  • 5 billion years ago, the nebula began to contract
  • It assumed a flat, disk shape with the protosun (pre-Sun) at the center
  • Inner planets begin to form metallic and rocky clumps
  • Larger outer planets began forming from fragments with a high percentage of ice
• Spheres of Earth

  • Hydrosphere
  • Atmosphere
  • Biosphere
  • Geosphere
• Hydrosphere


  • Ocean is the most prominent feature, covering 71% of Earth's surface and holding about 97% of Earth's water
  • Also includes fresh water found in streams, lakes, and glaciers, as well as that found groundwater
• Atmosphere


  • Thin, tenuous blanket of air, with one half lying below 5.6 kilometers (3.5 miles)
• Biosphere


  • Includes all life, concentrated near the surface in a zone that extends from the ocean floor upward for several kilometers into the atmosphere
• Geosphere


  • Rocks and minerals on Earth
• Plate tectonics


  The theory that proposes the Earth's outer shell consists of individual plates that interact in various ways and thereby produce earthquakes, volcanoes, mountains, and Earth's crust itself
• MapsLatitude and Longitude are lines on the globe that are used to determine location

  • Latitude is the distance north or south of the equator, measured in degrees
  • Longitude is distance east or west of the prime meridians, measured in degrees
  • Topographic maps represent Earth's surface in three dimensions, showing elevation, distance directions, and slope angles
  • Contour lines are lines on a topographic map that indicate an elevation
  • Contour interval is the distance between adjacent contour lines
• 
  

  • A system is a group of interacting parts that form a complex whole
  • Closed systems are self contained
  • Open systems allow both energy and matter to flow in and out of the system
• Sources of Energy

  • Sun drives eternal processes such as weather, ocean circulation and erosion processes
  • Earth's interior drives Internal processes including volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountain building
• Matter


  Anything that occupies space and has mass
• Elements


  The basic building blocks of minerals, with over 100 known
• Atoms


  The smallest particles of matter, containing protons, neutrons, and electrons
• Nucleus


  • The central part of an atom, containing protons and neutrons
• States of Matter

  • Solid
  • Liquid
  • Gas
• Energy Levels/Shells


  Surround the nucleus and contain electrons
• Atomic Number


  The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
• Isotopes


  Have the same number of protons but varying numbers of neutrons, with different mass numbers
• Mass Number


  The number of neutrons and protons in the nucleus of an atom
• Atomic Bond


  Forms when an atom's outermost energy level does not contain a maximum number of electrons
• Types of Atomic Bonds

  • Ionic
  • Covalent
  • Metallic
• Compound


  Two or more elements that are chemically combined in specific proportions
• Ion


  An atom that gains and loses electrons
• Mineral Properties

  • Color - small amounts of different elements can give the same minerals different colors.
  • Streak - the color of a mineral in its powdered form
  • Luster - used to describe how light is reflected from the surface of a mineral.
  • Crystal form - the visible expression of a mineral's internal arrangement of atoms
• Crystal Growth

  Crystallization occurs by the addition of atoms to a crystal face, as the outer layer of atoms on a crystal are never completed and can accept additional atoms
• Luster


  The visible expression of a mineral's internal arrangement of atoms
• Hardness


  A measure of the resistance of a mineral to being scratched
• Mohs Scale


  • Consists of 10 minerals arranged from 10 (hardest) to 1 (softest)
• Cleavage


  The tendency of a mineral to cleave, or break, along flat, even surfaces
• Fracture


  The uneven breakage of a mineral
• Density


  A property of all matter that is the ratio of an object's mass to its volume
• Destruction of crystal

  Heat and pressure cause some crystals structures to collapse and new minerals with a more dense, compact atomic structure to form in their place