plant and animal repro

• Reproduction


  It is one of the characteristics of life. It is a biological process in which new individual organisms are produced, may it be sexual or asexual.
• Sexual reproduction


  It involves the union of gametes (egg cell and sperm cell) through fertilization.
• Asexual reproduction


  It involves the creation of cloned offspring from a parent organism.
• Reproductive

  1. Pistil/Carpel

  2. Stamen

  
  

  Sterile

  3. Petals

  4. Sepals


  4 Main Parts of a Flower
• 1. Anther

  2. Filament


  2 Parts of Stamen
• Anther


  The production site of

  pollen
• Filament


  It supports the anther
• 1. Stigma

  2. Style

  3. Ovary

  4. Ovule

  4 Parts of the Pistil/Carpel
• Stigma


  It is the receiving site

  of the pollen
• Style


  It supports the stigma
• Ovary


  It is where

  fertilization takes place
• Ovule


  It becomes the

  seed.
• Perfect flowers


  They have both pistil and stamen parts.
• Monoecious


  Perfect flowers are also known as __________ (all sexes are there) flower
• Imperfect flowers


  They either only have the pistil or the

  stamen
• Dioecious


  Imperfect flowers are also known as ______ (sexes are separated per

  flower) flower.
• 1. Pistillate (only have pistil)

  2. Stamenate (only have stamen)

  2 Types of Imperfect Flowers
• Complete flowers


  They contain all the four main

  parts: sepal, petal, pistil, and stamen
• Incomplete flowers


  They lack at least one of the

  four main parts.
• Pollination

  It is the process of transferring pollen from

  an anther to a stigma.
• 80% biotic

  20% abiotic


  Percentage of biotic and abiotic means of pollination
• 98% wind

  2% water

  Percentage of the main agents of abiotic methods of pollination
• 1. By bees

  2. By moths

  3. By flies

  4. By bats

  5. By birds


  5 Examples of Biotic Agents of Pollination
• 1. Haplontic

  2. Haplodiplontic

  3. Diplontic

  3 Plant Life Cycles
• Haplontic Life Cycle


  ▪ Its dominant stage is a

  multicellular haploid stage

  which produces gametes that

  eventually fuse to form

  unicellular zygotes.

  ▪ Each zygote then undergoes

  meiosis to become haploid,

  after which it undergoes

  mitosis to become the

  multicellular organism.

  ▪ Ex. Green Alga Chara
• Haplodiplontic Life Cycle

  ▪ It has a multicellular

  haploid (gametophyte) stage

  that produces gametes.

  ▪ These gametes fuse to produce a

  zygote that undergoes mitosis to

  produce a multicellular

  sporophyte.

  ▪ Within a part of the sporophyte

  called the capsule, cells

  undergo meiosis to produce

  meiospores.

  ▪ These spores are eventually

  released and germinate by

  dividing mitotically to become a

  multicellular gametophyte

  ▪ Ex. Moss
• Diplontic Life Cycle


  ▪ The life cycle of organisms,

  which is dominated by the

  diploid stage.

  ▪ Plants and algae show

  alternation of generation.

  ▪ All the plants showing

  sexual reproduction

  alternate between two

  multicellular stages, the

  haploid gametophyte and

  diploid sporophytes.

  ▪ Ex. Angiosperms
• Double Fertilization


  It results from the

  discharge of two sperm from the

  pollen tube into the embryo sac.
• 1st Sperm: Fertilizes the egg

  2nd Sperm: Combines with the polar nuclei, giving rise to the endosperm.


  What are the function of the two sperms in double fertilization?
• Endosperm


  It is the triploid (3n) food storage of a fruit.
• Synergids


  They guide the sperm to the egg in plants to increase fertilization.
• Seed Coat


  It is hard and protective that encloses the embryo and its food supply
• Hypocotyl


  The embryonic axis below the cotyledons
• Radicle (Embryonic Root)


  It is where hypocotyl terminates
• Epicotyl


  Located above the cotyledons
• Plumule


  It comprises the epicotyl,

  young leaves, and shoot apical meristem
• 1. root

  2. shoot

  3. connects root and shoot


  After germination, what do these parts become?

  1. radicle - _________

  2. epicotyl - ________

  3. hypocotyl - _________
• 1. Epigeous

  2. Hypogeous


  2 Types of Seed Germination
• Epigeous Germination


  Type of germination where

  - epicotyl and cotyledon rise above the ground

  - hypocotyl elongates into a stem

  - ex. Sunflower
• Hypogeous Germination


  Type of germination where

  - seed/cotyledon remains underground

  - hypocotyl remains short

  - radicle and epicotyl elongates

  - ex. Chickpeas