Socialization and the Society

• Cultural Inheritance - refers to the storage and transmission of information by communication, imitation, teaching, and learning.
• It is transmitted by the brain rather than by genes.
• Cultural inheritance is considered the latest stage in the evolution of heredity.
• Biological Inheritance - the passing on of traits from parents to their offspring; either through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction, the offspring cells or organisms acquire the genetic information of their parents
• Socialization - refers to the process by which an individual is oriented and taught by his or her society’s norms. These norms include beliefs, attitudes, practices, and behaviors.
• Individuation - is the compilation of the values, attitudes, and beliefs that individuals receive from their family, peers, and community that enables them to create a personal identity that simultaneously separates them from the other members of the group and incorporates them into its system.
• Social Identity - is a person’s notion who he or she is in society. This includes the roles and statuses that he or she performs in accord to what the society expects of him or her.
• Two Primary Types of Identity

  • Primary Identity
  • Secondary Identity
• Primary Identity - it consists of the roles and statuses that an individual learns as a child.
• Secondary Identity - this includes roles and statuses that are achieved such as occupation, educational background, economic status, and gender.
• Model of Consciousness - this model presents a fourfold understanding of human identity .
• Holon - can be defined as an autonomous, self-reliant unit able to function without instructions from higher authorities.
• Role Learning Theory - promotes the argument that individuals learn a hobby of social roles from their society. They then reproduce this repertoire in their behavior.
• Symbolic Interactionism - promotes the idea that individuals construct their notion of the self through social interactions performed within the society.
• Cultural Values - refers to all those ideas held in society that are considered good, acceptable, and right.
• Conflict Theory - these values and goals are sometimes the source of conflict within a society, as individuals have varying access and experiences relating to it.
• Functionalism Theory - It argues that values exist to create unity and harmony within the structure and fulfill the needs of the individuals.
• Norms - these are rules or expectations that are socially enforced.
• Folkways - the socially approved behaviors that have no moral foundation.
• Mores - the norms related to moral agreements. These include behaviors that are considered acceptable in religious practices.
• Taboos - behaviors that are forbidden in a specific culture.
• Laws - it consist of the rules and regulations that are implemented by the state, making them the prime source of social control.
• Status - is an individual’s position in his or her society.
• Role - sets of expectations from people who occupy a particular status.
• Role Performance - it is the behavior of an individual within a social space by his or her status.
• Role set - a status has multiple roles.
• Role strain - the individual is having difficulty performing the role required of him or her.
• Roles exit - a process of discontinuing a role.