topic 4 germany

• women in weimar republic

  kinder kuche kirche

  children kitchen church
• women ww1


  pre ww1- german civil code - 1900- cant vote- single women could study for a profession - no exams- married women = 0 legal status- liberals = dismissed as socialists- armament manufacturers 1913 = 0 employed women

  during ww1- 1918 krupp (armament factory) had 28,000 women employees- 75% women of employablity were employed- 1.6 million dead men = surplus of women
• status of women

  - reichstag = divided - SPD supported womens rights

  - pre war - women fought against civil code

  - all political parties wanted to educate women in order to vote

  - first eletction = 90% women turnout to vote

  - 112 seats occupied by women 1919-32

  - article 109 - women had equal rights

  - falling birth rate

  128 per 1000 1911

  80/1000 1925

  59/1000 1933

  - divorce rates increased

  27 per 100,000 1913

  59/100,000 1920

  65/100,000 1932
• women and work


  - first post war census - women in workforce 36% - close to pre war levels (34%)

  - women expected after war to give up jobs

  - women traditionally worked in white blouse jobs

  - paid 33% less than men

  - single women more accepted in work place

  - possible to have further education + join profession if single

  - women quialified to be lawyers 59 1925 - 251 1933

  - 1933 - 2500 female doctors

  - faced discrimination/ hostility

  - school day = structured - ended at lunch time for child care

  - over 250,000 women poorly paid jobs 1925

  - trade unions = opposed women
• new women


  - young educated

  - wanted independence

  - benefitted from ww1

  - white blouse jobs - office and shops

  - abandoned traditional female role - wore revealing clothes, short hair, smoked, drank

  - used contraceptive

  - films loved these type of women
• negatives of new women

  - policitions and media criticised these women

  - images of 'good time girls' critisced for corrupting young girls

  - women faced sexual + pay discrimination

  - many wanted marriage and old - hoping for better treatment
• success/ failures


  sucess- before weimar women had vote- all parties wanted womens vote - 90% turn out- 1919-32 = 112 seats occupied in reichstag- in principle women had ' equal rights'- key professoins = lawyers

  failures- didnt change civil code- reichstag split on issue - professions + marriage- SPD supported women (most of reichstag didnt)- falling birth rate + divorce rate = big concern
• bureua for beauty


  - set up 1933

  - fashion = anti jewish + anti french + anti USA

  - laid out ideals for women and how this can be achieved

  - a shift in later 1930s to muse glamorous images (SS wives, Jewish people in concentration camps)
• beauty fashion nudity


  - wanted beautiful women, some forms threatening- hilter maides - ABC of national socialims published 1933

  the ruleswomen = naturalno drinking or smokingdress in german stylebody suited to child bearing

  natural look- tanning parlors- special deodorant- hormone cream - develop larger breasts- khasana cosmetics - natural makeup

  pornography- believed nudity was acceptable- black corps - official SS soldiers- naked women in natural settings- pictures of US women- qoutes from hitler alongside women
• women in nazi germany

  1. mothers of aryan race

  2. skilled in role of nurturing

  3. economic role (80% of spending)

  4. no political role

  5. expected to be beautiful

  women and the church

  1. odd - persecuted christians/ catholics

  2. easy to appeal to conservatives - womens place = home + church

  3. church not a political place

  4. ran charity drives- reich bride school- established by Himmler and Scholtakine- minimum of 6 weeks/ encouraged to stay for 6 months- physical recovery before marriage- costs a weekly wage- ironing- interior design- gardening- SS uniform care- child care
• great depression on women


  - depression led to more hostility

  - women not as badly affected

  - men unemployed 46%

  - women unemployed 33%

  - women cheaper to employ/ lots of part time work

  - 30 May 1932 Bruning passed a decree saying married women could be dismissed from govt jobs if their husbands wasn't working
• women in nazi germany p2

  - eugenics = belief that controlling reproduction can produce a healthier population

  - Bund Deustcher Madel (BDM) - league of german girls, older female nazi youth group

  
  

  time line

  1 June 1933 - law to reduce unemployment = interest free marriage loan to aryan cause

  30 june 1933 - married women to be dismissed from their jobs

  14 july - law for prevention of offspring with hereditary disease - possible to sterilise m+f with mental + physical disabilities or female alcoholics

  18 oct 1935 - law for protection of hereditary health of German people - fitness to marry certificate

  1938 - marriage law extends grounds to divorce to include fertility abortion or refusal to have baby
• success / negatives of nazi policies

  positive- get vitamins- get healthcare checks- status- single women could find work/ domestic- mother of soldiers given holidays

  negative- large numbers of women lost there jobs- skilled doctors not able to put three skills to use- female teachers could only work in lowest levels in schools
• impact of ww2


  - change in attitude towards women as men were conscripted so women took there jobs

  - NSV set up - 31,000 kindergardners

  - 27% of women in workforce

  - nazi propaganda worked

  women didnt want to work

  prefered home and education

  - 1940s germany bombed constantly

  - women dealt with being bombed out which would happen more than 1x a day

  - supplies for food = fatchy

  - substitutes like soap + fish oil = scarce

  - Oct 1940 - women allowed to join army

  - BDM members had to serve for 6 months

  - compulsory for women to do auxillary services from 18-40

  - not enough men to women taught how to fight
• women post ww2


  - surplus of women - 7.3 million

  - divorce rate went up massively - aug 1948 - 80% higher than 1946

  -women had to work - clear rubble , buildings, working in offices

  - women worked in committees

  - few got involved in politics - those that did had been involved pre 1933

  - women still viewed as a wife and mother

  - ministry of family affairs in 1953

  - adenauer gave speeches about importance of creating equality and women

  - basic law - article 3 - unqualified equality under hte law
• prostiution/ morals


  - after reichstag fire - moral police

  - arrested thousands of women believed to be prostitutes

  - 3,200 women arrsted in hamburg alone in 2 months

  - by dec 1933 - 1,500 women in prison

  - 1934 - official brothels re instated and gated streets

  - care officers comitted women to institutions + hospitals

  - 37-38 women who were considered prostitutes- rounded up sent for re education

  - morally delinquents
• women and work frg

  - 1977 marriage and family law reversed

  gave women equal rights in marriage

  - 1900 civil code - women couldnt work if it went against them being wives and mothers

  - 1982 survey

  50% men 54% women thought mens career more important

  70% men 68% women thought women should give up work when married

  70% thought women should stay at home

  - womens liberation movement population by students + radicals

  - women in west berlin

  set up commune

  ended up doing all the clearing and cooking

  left after 6 months

  - action council for womens liberation 1968

  worked with nursery teachers campaigned to get school day change

  - Sep 1968 Helke Sander

  spoke to SDS

  desribed what they had done

  split by 1969 - mother faction not seen theoretical enough

  - radical groups focused on para 2 on abortion rights

  alice schwarzer was one of the leaders

  published photos/ artificial leaflets
• women and work frg p2

  abortionmost against therefore agreed to para 218led to women leaving organisationskinder kuche kirche thinking and church remained stronglaw passed in 1974 - first 12 weeksdisallowed after 1975 - unconstitutional by frederal courtreintroduced 1976 by an indictation law

  - didnt campaign for equality in work place and sexual discrimination

  involvement in politics- tended to be conservative- women still not actively encouraged to be in politics- 1972 - 5.8% women in bundestag 1987 - 15.4%- CSU/CDU favoured male dominated by business industries- SPD workers organisation- green party adopted feminist views - fought for abortion

  Managerial roles- 75% of work force in hospital - were women but only 4% physicians- half school teachers - 20% principles- 1950s - 5% uni lectures- 1970s - 64 - 28% of mens salaries- equality officers - national office for womens affairs

  divorce- 1960s - 49,000- 1990 - 123,000- 1977 - no guilt clause to adding law- alimony awarded to one resisting children

  womens role by 1989- unification- women in GDR more equal - state provided creches- women had to work- FRG - women gave higher status - families given tax brackets + benefits - stay at home for 3 years- only 50% of married women with children under 15 working part time- school hours remained the same as before finishing early
• weimar education


  pre ww1- some lander provided one hour of inkderkarten care - children 3-5- school compulsory 6-14- WC went to volkesschule - classes 50 + basic education- UC children went to fee paying schools- most working class - left school at 19- most schools confessionals- supported the status qou- confessional schools = religious

  after ww1- fairer schools- socalists- no religious schools- mixed- grundschule - aged 6-10- govt agreed federal education law was needed in lander-non confessional state schools- education articles - 1921, 25,27 but no one could agree so secular schools introduced which provided wide variety of education-reich parents league supported new bill- 29,020 protestant schools- 15,256 catholic- 97 jewish- 8291 common- 295 secular

  education after 10- education had to be paid for- hauptschule - 5 year school leading to appreniceship- realschule - 6 years - leading to business or techincal training- gymansuim - 9 years leading to uni- education decided at 10- private schools

  university- had to pass abiture exam- 1928 survey into student parents- 45% of student fathers worked as civil servants - (21% of these had uni education)- principle of freedom of choice made it hard to reform the system- uni continued on as before

  uni corporations- dealing corporations - wealthy landowners - settled disputes through sword fighting- non duelling were socially inferior- 56% of pupils were part of a corporations are determined by race/ sex/german/ aryan chambers- affected future careers
• nazi education


  - state school structure remained- primary private schools banned- fee paying secondary and university remained = emphasis on fitness- corporations became - nazi comradeship houses - students had to join nazi student union- 20 april 1933 - national political education institution (NAPOLOAS) free boarding schools to train future elite nazi boysNational socialists teacher league (NSCR)- set up 1929 - 6000 members- undesireable teachers removed in 1933- 24 september 1935 - decree took control of appointments- 1937 - 97% of teachers had join unionvalid schools to indoctrinate students- nazis = anti illenctuals- teachers shown little respect- 2,500 teachers qualified in 1938 and there were 8,000 vacanciesvideo- nazi party seen as party of youth- young people given key roles- hitler youth1932 - 100,0001934 - 2,250,0001939 - compulsoryphysical training - drills/ teamowrk/ skillsuniform = importantnazi belief/ ideology/ theory
• nazification of schools


  - text books- teachers- lessonsnazi theory- superior race- rewritten history - lebensraum

  Hitler and fitness- 1935 - new stream of directives for all age groups- sport increase by 15%- volksegeminshaft- text books changed - race lessons - superior races- jews centre of all problems- biology - eugenics- maths - how much could be saved from killing disabled people

  outside school - boys- hitler youth movement- pimpfen - little folk aged 6- jungvolk - youngsters at 10- jungend - hitler youth 14-18- 1937 - opened first school - physical training

  girls- jungmadel (young girls) - 10- BDM - 14- Glaube and Deutsches Madel - faith and beauty - 17-20

  mix of both- leaders issues pamflets with instructions on what to cover- summer camps- meetings- hatred of TOFV- racial purity- importance of having babies- hitler youth expected to report anyone not complying with nazi teaching- teachers and family
• cultural experimentation


  weimar- traditional- religious- RW- hate the idea of cultural experimentation- efficient- neve sachlichket - new objectivity movement - grew out of modern and expressionist movements that developed before first war- modern- experimental- bauhuas - architecture house - set up by walter Gropuis 1919- weimar often presented as decadent + experimental- mainly in cities- did influence modern + technological- hiking + opera = traditional- listening to radio = modern

  art elite culture- artists, intellectuals and writers- foward looking - modernism and expressionism- took darket twist - infleunced the arts- wealthy elite subsidies - funded

  expressionism and modernism- stressed thoughts and feelings more important than act or conventional music tones- arnold schonberg dented new system of alonal music- schonberg expressionist paintings- schonberg was jewish

  subsidised culture- money to theatres, orchestras, museums and libraries - spreading culture to small towns- welfare projects took prioirty- UFA - govt organised film consortuism of biggest film studious - made most films- metropils by fritz lang - science fiction most expeinsve film made at the time
• cultural experimentation p2


  populat culture- jazz- consumer goods- traditional music and halls popular

  reactions to experimentation

  1. craftmanship to protext under 16 from pornography

  2. people could paint and sing

  3. allowed expressionism to flourish RW critics - RW parties, centre party critisced the decadence

  4. americanisation

  5. change in women

  overall impression- free speech of constiution- criminal code still had paragraph 184, ban objective films and publications
• nazi cultural policies


  projects- gleichschaltung- co-ordination - tight control from birth to grave- started process of censorship- germans were kulturtrager (culture bearers) - led autarky by intellectuals- jewish corrupt weimar

  book burning- censoring unacceptable culture- 10 may 1933 - burning organised with help from nazi student organisation- unsound books rounded up- foreign authors and jewish authors targetted- replicated accross germany- books collected by students from 6 april - 10 may- held in public spaces- 35 cities - torch it processions- inspiring speeches by goebbells- goebbels delivered speeches denouncing books40,000 people listened to him in Berlin on subject of acceptable literature

  art music and theatre- unacceptable things + people weeded out- expressionism = no- jewish people = no- pacifism = no- individuality = no- intellectual = no

  22 September 1933- reichskulturkammer (RKK) - reich chamberof culture- headed by goebbels - took control over all creative arts- art was too elitist - the masses needed to understand

  art- unrealistic art - not acceptable- nationalistic art = big yes- realistic art - yes- modern production - encouraged- building projects- abstract images of people were likened to people with disabilities- artists who studied african + asian art were going against aryan race- wilhelm frick - issued a decree banning + removing art that was abstract from buildings
• nazi cultural policies p2

  1936- all degenerate art banned from museums- nazi art - perfect aryan race - muscular men engaging with some kind of activity- naturallistic + idealistic- sport encouraged- sculpture - encouraged to show perfect aryan race- olympics 1936 - germany topped the table with 89 medals- games considered a truimph

  strength through joy- group trips organised - theatres art galleries and museums- offered to educate the masses- 1937 - degenerate art exhibit- propaganda - in factories

  festivals- re arranged for nazi occasions- mothers day moved to hitlers mums birthday- parades - watch - rallying sppeches- after 1935 military parades grew

  films- leni reinfsthal - hitlers favourite film makercomissioned her to make film the truimph of the will - used new techniques - moving cameras to project hitlers good like statues- made olympia, blue light- goebbels and films - hated her production- celebrated strong male leaders- nationalistic images- SQR sacrifice- hidden/ not obvious nazi messages
• nazi building projects


  Nazi building projects- created employmentgave powerful impression of 3rd reich - hung with swastickaolympic staduim - 100,000 peoplenuremberg - grand rallies - 33-38- neo classiscmweimar invested in housingnazi invented grand building projects - classical official buildingsvast movementsreich chancellory completed 1939nuremberg congress hall inspired by Roman coliseummassive scale symbolised power of nazis- berlin masterplancomissioned plan 1937 - by hitlergrand central squarereichstag symbolised german peoplenew domed fuhrer palacenew military high commandroads widended to allow military paradeswork started 1939 - war broke out- cathedral of lightcreated by speer to form backdropcreated by 130 anti aircraft search lights aroundnazi parade grounds pointed towards sky- functional buildingsschools built similar to army barracks/ factoriessupposed to create perfect nazisas war continued huge flak towers were built to defend cities
• nazi racial policies


  key dates1933 - boycotting of jewish shops1935 - nuremberg laws1938 - kristalnacht1942 - wannesee conference

  Nazi racial ideology- humanity divided into 3 types of race- culture creating races - aryan race responsible for creation of culture - art, literature, science + civilisation- culture bearing races - 'oreintal races' = no new ideas, merely copied aryans, culture would degenerate + stagnate- culture destroying race - jews + gypsies = not able to create a sustainable culture - nazis likened them to cancer- which destroyed them - jews + gypsies worked tirelessly to destroy nazis- hitler believed race was key - argued empires lead to racial mixing - this mix weakened the aryan race- key to aryan race was ' racial hygiene' - strict ban on sex + marriage between races

  symbolic anti Semitism- goebbels media control - banned jewish editors, journalists, film/ theatre and radio control all banned- all measures had goal to exclude jews from german culture- 1933 - econ still going through depression - hitler had to move away from jews slowlypersecution of jews was rapid, some killed, imprisoned + humiliated- hindenburg + von papen urged hitler to control spontaneous voilencehitler proposed boycott of jewish shopsschacht thought boycott would kill economy- april 1933 one day boycott - highlight hatred of jews- month later goebells organised a measure against jews - burning books - purge in german spirit - 25,000 books
• legal / econ exclusion

  legal exclusion- april 1933 ban jews from civil service + remove people from civil service who didnt have 'aryan ancestry'- hitler proposed law of restoration for professional service - hindenburg refused - hindenburg introduced laws to protect 'non aryans' who fought in ww1- turning point - first time since 1871 racist laws passed- hindenburg death (1934) - hitler overturned laws and jews banned from govt- nuremberg laws 1935 - reich citizenship law - removed citizenship to people who have 4 or more non aryan ancestors- law for protection of german blood and german honour - illegal to marry non aryan and aryan- citizenship law = limited effect - nazi suspended civil rights 1933 =democracy abolished- new racial categories - german - person with 2-4 jewish grandparents = mix race 5-8 jewish grandparents = jew- schact still worreid over econ - persuaded hitler to remove plans of taking away econ rights for jews

  economic exclusion- 33-36 schact wanted jew econ rights protected- 36 - goebbels excluded jews from econ- 37 - reduced access of jewish firms - import raw materials + takeover of jewish firms- 1938 govt contract to jewish firms outlawed- 38 jews banned form leasing property worth more than 5000RM
• kristallnacht


  - 8 nov 1938

  - herschel crrynzspan - shot german diplomat in france

  - hilter authorised mass SA violence - against synagouges + jewish buisnesses

  - resulted in 200 deaths - 30,000 arrested

  - 1000 synagouges burned down

  - turning point goering slowly stripping econ assets of jews

  - following this - fine on german jews + confiscation of jewish property + wealth

  - goering completed aryanisation

  - 60,000 jew emigrated after
• holocaust


  - jews plunged into poverty

  - contradicted plan of mass emigration

  - forced jews into ghettos

  - kristallnacht persuaded nazis to be more radical

  - nazi final goal = no jews in europe

  - madagascar plan - 38-40

  proposed eu jews to be deported

  britians refusal to surrender made plan fall through

  - mass extermination of jews in germany began

  - einsatzgruppen = ss death squad

  - 33-38 450,000 jews left germany

  - netherlands + france was the main places jews emigrated
• gypsies


  Initially no policy against the Gypsies, but as the regime became more radicalised , the SS began to target them

  1936 - Camps established - disease ran rampant

  1938 - Himmler's Central Office for Gypsy Affairs issued a decree requiring all gypsies to register and get examined by a 'racial hygienist' due to high rates of intermarriage

  1939 - forbade to marry Aryans without a permit

  End of 1939 - Deportation of gypsies to Eastern Poland

  1940-45 - Gypsies rounded up and shot

  After Wanasse Conference mass extermination of gypsies

  21,000 alone in Auschwitz
• T4 programme + sterilisation

  policy extended to adults after HQ address in Berlin, Tiergarten 4-provided methods, personnel and admin experience for final solution- initiated by hitler- 1939- mentally ill, physically disabled, chronically ill and elderly people all targetted- 250,000 + killed- ended 1941- bishop galenbishop of munster = germanycondemned the t4 programme - hitler halted after

  sterlisiation- 300,000 - 400,000 ' sterlisied'- targettedschizophrenia, epilepsy, blindess, deafness, feeblemindedness, severe alcoholism, severe physcal deformities

  degenerate aryans- aryans who didnt fit in with the 'strong pure obedient' title- anyone who opposed regime ' degenerate'- artists + intellectuals who didnt fit nazi mold = degenerate
• nazi racial policies linking to econ women and education


  economy- conquered racially inferior for cheap manual labour and resources- resources diverted to military expansion and aryan social programmes

  women- ideology left women with domestic sphere- pushed out of workforce

  education- tool for nazi propaganda promoted racial ideology- physical fitness + racial science = emphasised- children who were racially undesirable excluded from education or put in segregated schools
• ethnic minorities FRG


  after ww2- allies had to consider that germany had a very large number of refugees- 10 million by 1947 - initially seen as a problem = needing feeding and housing became an asset

  economic boom- full employment 1955- as economy grew they needed more workers- there was already a large number of foreign workers- trade unions didnt like the idea - feared they would accept lesser wages/ force wage down/ lesser working standards

  government response- guaranteed that non germans workers would recieve same pay

  foreign labour programmes- set up nuremberg- run offices in countries that germany had treaties with- physical examinations- signed a contract - the year - basic accomadation often in domitories nar factories and outside towns = cut off from local communities

  who did programme favour- men 20-40- given heavy manual work- 61-73 - 3 million switched from agricultural jobs to white collar workers- 61-71 - 870,000 germans left jobs in mining- 1.1 million guest workers took these jobs- more female workers43,000 1960700,000 1973- requested in some industries - electronics and hospitality- illegal workers arrived- took really poorly paid jobs

  programme extended after- 1961 berlin wall- cut off workers
• challenges in 70 - 80s

  - 1970s - oil crisis meant guest workers under pressure to leave germany

  - nov 1973 govt banned permites for guest workers families in country

  - 2 million guest workers in 1974 - fall

  - ford car workers offered voluntary work - mess lay offs likely to happen

  - german with 2 children more likely to be layed off then a turkish with 4 children due to point system

  - 1977 ban was removed - workers started - coming in again

  - helmut schmidt = federal comissioner for foreigners

  - promote intergration

  - managing education of GW = problem for children

  - basic law laid down everyone got equal education

  - GW wanted mix race class rooms

  - GW children in school rose - 165,000 1976 - 200,000 1983

  - 60% were muslim

  - pre school mainly christian based = problem for GW children
• education in FRG

  issues after ww2- education had been completely controlled by nazis- completely geared to nazi ideas- majority of teachers - members of nazi party

  denazification of education- prevent reintroduction to preconfessional of schools- stop early selectoin at ten for career paths- focused on pre university education- needed to de nazify unis too- allies agreed to the re opening of schools in autumn 1945

  allies wanted primrary and secondary systems to be the same for all- USA zone had - 1,200,174 children aged 6-10- had 6,477 schools and 14,176 tachers = class size 85- 510,000 had no schools to go to- americans - 5 millions text books, american system- elementary, middle, high school - not LT + not replicated- not completely successful - german sates had different idea- also there were more important tasks/ issues at hand to deal with

  soviets- got rid of nazis- 40,000 tachers from WC background- 8 years of primary- 3 years apprenticiship- 4 years for uni

  basic law- lander was responsible for education and cultural policies- few secular non religious schools in south flourised in the north- few secular schools in south flourished in north- couldnt agree how to tach nazi history- resolved - dry factual history teaching - mainly european not german
• education in frg p2

  standardised education

  - important for families to move between states - ie qualifications

  - 55 - dusseldord agreement

  - number of examinatoin subjects

  - length of studies

  - length of school holidays

  - beginning of school year

  - examination standards

  - old system school remained

  - primary = 4 years

  - high schools/ intermediate schools

  - gymnasuim - for elite - prepared for higher education

  - abitar - certificate for education ( simplified/ relaxed in 1972)

  
  

  civic education

  - states agreed in 1950 some form of compulsory education should be taught in schools

  - context not prescribed - tolerance and individual freedoms taught

  - 62 = nazi era taught in schools as about the communists side

  
  

  arguments between govt and lander raged

  - 60s and 70s federal meetings held to discuss need for gesamtschulen (comprehensive schools)

  - bund/ lander comissioned failed to agree

  - 71 - brandt govt tried to reform education - a federal framework

  - help the disadvantaged

  - less streaming

  - more mobility

  - uni reforms

  
  

  educational crisis

  - early 60s - concern with uni system was failing

  - facilities like lecture theatres + student accom = inedequate

  - curriculum = old fasioned - didnt teach econ or technology

  - calls for education to be more democratic

  - children in gymnasuim rose 853,400 - 2,019,000 1980

  - more students went to uni 239,000 1960 - 749,000 1980

  - 1971 - federal education promoted act provided state funding to encourage WC families to send children to uni

  
  

  cultural tensions

  - traditionally seen as leader of europe - older germans wanted to regain position

  - removed nazi control + reintroduced ' degenerate culture'

  - many ford easy to adopt

  - not all aspects of culture divided generations

  - 50s - social movements included all ages - anti nuclear movement

  - rejection of consumerism

  - wanted better society

  
  

  generation
• ethnic minorities weimar republic

  german nationalism- volk - 1871 onwards- poles, gypsies + jews = not equal- elite groups - army + landowners- protestant prejudices against catholics- regions against eachother

  before ww1- minorities - partially intergrated- business men did business together = daily interaction- intermarriage in big cities - jews married to non jews- still issues - own clubs/ association and germs had their own as well

  weimar republic- low level of discrimination - similar to women- elite conservatives, landowners and army- big no to different ethnic groups- city based people more liberal- article 113 - could speak there own language- preserve national identity- run their own schools and daily lives- landerlaw not always implementedpeople differented between groupspoles, jewsbecame more accepting to groups they were more familiar withattitudes to jewish- 1918 1% of population jewish- 1933 - 0.76% - 500,000- 66.8% lived in cities + 1/3 lived in berlin- anti semites called berlin 'jew berlin'

  a number of jews influenced culture and became politicians- 5 cabinet positons- people critisced this- walter ratheneau - foreign minister- 1922 killed shortly afterwards was jewish + associated with tofv

  organisations against jewish people- many joined nazis- led to some organisations being banned- german peoples offensive and defensive alliance - 25,000 members and 170,000 1923 when it was disbanded- judges - who were antisemitic were openly anti semitic in there cases against jews- depression led to hatred and blamejewish response- to fight anti semitism- 85,000 fought ww1- 12,000 killed- anti semitism grew as depressioned worsened
• ethnic minorities in weimar p2

  german gypsies- protected under article 113- moved around, didnt pay tax - not part of society or community- lander - several areas passed laws passed - prussia and bavaria- 1926 bavaria passed laws = stop movementforce children into schoolsadults into army- hess copied laws- bavaria 1927 - issued identity cards

  polish people- end of ww1- new borders- some left/ some stayed- 200,000 polish speakers- further 500,000 spoke both languages ( more accepted)- some considered themselves german- discriminated against, fought against germany in ww1 - 30,000 left

  black people- 1933 occupation of ruhr- black units- 500 mixed race children born- Germanies shame- older black people found hostility + musicians and writes found life acceptable in city
• nazi racial theory


  Alienation of JewsRequired Jews to identify themselves - permanently separate from rest of population1 Jan 1939 - Jews had to be called 'Israel' or 'Sara' - No Germanic names allowed1939 - 450,000 emigrated, 30-50% of wealth takenBecame harder to leave - Austria liberated and copied Germany's laws - 185,000 Jews fell to 60,000 by outbreak of war

  ghettosSet up 1939 - overcrowded and crampedMinimal medical supplies and foodElectricity and water kept on for only a few hours a dayKdF ran trips to the ghettos so people could see how Jewish people lived

  wanassee conference20th Jan - Decided on mass killing of Jewish peopleHitler, Goering, Goebbels and Himmler not presentSS Einsatzgruppen - Set up to round up Jews/political dissentersBy 1941 - Invasion of Russia committing mass murder2 million out of 6 million killed by the group