biology p1

• nucleus

  contains genetic information
• cell membrane

  protects what goes in and out of the cell
• cytoplasm

  gel like substance inside the cell
• mitochondria

  produces energy for cell survival
• ribosomes

  contains protein synthesis
• vacuole 


  stores nutrients and water for cell survival
• chloroplast 


  produce energy through photosynthesis
• mitosis 


  division of parent cells into two genetically daughter cells
• cell cycle

  process of cells replication to make two new cells
• chromosomes

  fount in a nucleus 23 pairs 46 in total
• stem cells

  cells that can develop into different types of cells
• why are stem cells important

  they can generate healthy cells to replace the ones that are infected by bacteria or virus
• specialised cells 


  cells that carry out a particular role in the body for example red blood cells carry out oxygen
• differentation

  unspecialised cells that mature and evolve into a specific function
• diffusion

  movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration
• diffusion in cells

  allows molecules to move from one side of the cell membrane to another without using energy
• factors that affect the rate of diffusion

  concentration, temperature, size of molecule, presence of membrane
• osmosis

  movement of water molcoules from a high concentration to a low concentration through a partially permeable membrane
• water concentration

  amount of water compared to other molecules
• how does osmosis apply to cells

  there is more space for water to come in and out of the cell freely
• active transport

  process of moving a substance against its concentration gradient requires osmosis and energy
• how does active transport use root hair cells to absorb minerals

  plants absorb water by osmosis. root hair cells take the water and mineral ions by having a large surface area to increase the rate of the reaction
• organ system

  group of organs working together to peform a certain function in the body
• tissue

  group of cells that have similar structure that peform a specific task
• organism level

  highest level of organisation
• how do cells work together

  tissues make up different materials in our body each cells has organelles. these are similar to organs in our body
• which enzyme breaks down nutrients

  amalyze which is made in the pancreas
• which organ produces each enzyme

  small intestine, stomoch, pancreas
• what must nutrients break down into

  protein breaks down into amino acids, starches breaks down into sugars, fats breaks down into fatty acids and glycerol
• carbohydrates

  sugar molecules come from oxygen hydrogen and carbon
• lipids

  fats and oils come from carbon and hydrogen
• protein

  amino acids come from carbon hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen
• vitamans and minerals 


  nutrients to help the body funtion
• enzymes

  proteins that help speed up metabolism or chemical reaction in our body. breaks down food
• catalyst reaction

  reduces activation energy which increases rate of reaction
• factors affecting enzymes

  high temperature speeds up the reaction low temperature slows down the reaction. extreme high temperature can cause the enzyme to denature. each enzyme has an optimum pH range
• digestive system

  breaks down food into nutrients. these can be absorbed into your bloodstream so that your body uses them for energy and growth.
• role of the heart

  pumps blood for oxygen and nutrients
• role of lungs

  helps oxygen breathe air to enter red cells in blood
• role of kidneys

  filters blood, removes waste through urine