MIDTERM EXAM

• In microbiology, the term morphology means cell shape.
• what is the shape of the bacteria?

  cocci

  
• what is the shape of bacteria?

  Rods

  
• what is the shape of bacteria?

  Spirillum

  
• what is the shape of bacteria?

  spirochete

  
• what is the shape of the bacteria?

  budding and appendage

  
• what is the shape of the bacteria?

  filamentous

  
• Largest bacteria in terms of size?

  Thiomargarita namibiensis
• smallest bacteria in terms of size?

  mycoplasma pneumoniae
• name the cell?

  epulopiscium cell

  
• what is the name of this cell?

  paramecium

  
• ___ have more surface area relative to cell volume than ___

  Small cells, large cells
• T o F: Small cells have a higher surface to volume ratio compared to large cells.

  True
• The higher ___ of small cells support a faster rate of nutrient and waste exchange per unit cell.

  S/V Ratio
• Because of their small sizes they can grow faster and evolve more rapidly than can larger cells.

  prokaryotic cells
• it surrounds the cytoplasm and separates it from the environment.

  the cytoplasmic membrane
• what are the three critically important cellular functions of vytoplasmic membrane?

  permeability barrier, protein anchor, energy conservation.
• In cell membrane and wall it is the present linkage?

  ester linkage
• in archaeal membranes, what linkage is present?

  ether linkage
• lipid monolayer or lipid bilayer?

  lipid bilayer

  
• lipid monolayer or lipid bilayer?

  lipid monolayer

  
• it gives protection against osmotic lysis

  bacteria cell wall
• it confer shape and rigidity on the cell.

  bacterial cell wall
• a substance forming the cell walls of many bacteria, consisting of glycosaminoglycan chains interlinked with short peptides.

  peptidoglycan
• differentiate gram positive to gram negative.

  Gram-positive bacteria lack an outer membrane but are surrounded by layers of peptidoglycan many times thicker than is found in the Gram-negatives.
• does archaea or eukarya contains peptidoglycan?

  no
• all bacteria that has ___ contains peptidoglycan

  cell wall
• the gram positive cell wall produce acidic molecules called what?

  teichoic acids
• gram positive or gram negative: most of the wall is composed of the outer membrane (LPS)

  gram negative
• Typically contains galactose, glucose, rhamnose, and mannose, and one or more dideoxy hexoses.

  o- specific polysaccharide
• consists of ketodeoxyoctonate (KDO), various heptoses, glucose, galactose, and N- acetylglucosamine.

  Core polysaccharide
• Lipid portion of LPS; include fatty acids such as: name at least five.

  caproic , lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic acids
• Toxicity is specifically linked to the LPS layer, in particar to ___

  Lipid A
• It is the endotoxin- toxic component of LPS

  Lipid A
• it may contain several classes of proteins

  periplasm
• what are the four proteins of periplasm?

  hydrolytic enzymes, binding proteins, chemoreceptors, proteins that construct extracellular structures
• these are proteins rgar function as channels for the entrance and exit of solutes.

  porins
• variety of cell wall structures are found in __

  Archaea
• structures of archaeal cell wall

  polysaccharides, proteins or glycoproteins or mixture of these macromolecules
• pseudomurein backbone is formed by what alternating repeats of ?

  N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid