Mary I

• when was catholic mass reintroduced?


  1553
• when was Stephen Gardiner appointed lord chancellor?

  1553
• when was the wyatt rebellion?

  1554
• when were the heresy laws reintroduced?

  1554
• when was archbishop cranmer burned?

  1556
• when did Mary die?

  1558
• why did mary grow unpopular during her reign?

  most attribute it to her character. Simon Renard said she was 'good, easily influenced, inexpert in worldly matters and a novice all round.'
• what was the government like under Mary?

  system of central and local government remained relatively unchanged. Privy council continued to be centre of administration. Many argue that Mary's privy council was too big due to her choosing councillors who had supported her and were in her own household.
• what was parliament like under Mary?

  apart from dislike of the spanish marriage, both houses can be seen to cooperate with the administration during her reign.
• what were the financial reforms under Mary's reign?1554:

  • 1554 - exchequer was restored as main financial department - took over the work of the court of first fruits and tenths
  • 1554 - the court of wards retained their independence
  • it was planned to remove the large number of debased coins and to restore full silver content, but her death meant it was not put into effect until 1560
  • 1558 - revised custom rates - increased revenue from £29,000 to £85,000
  • 1555 - full survey of crown lands - resulted in rents rising in 1557
• what was the economy like under Mary?

  general economic situation grew worse due to series of bad harvests and epidemics such as the sweating sickness and the plague.

  Government chose to restrict the movement of textiles and other industries from the town to the countryside to try and prevent number of vagrants.
• summarise the main problems during Mary's reign

  marriage, restoration of catholicism, finance and the economy, reform of the army and navy
• what were Mary's religious aims?

  • undo religious changes made since 1529
  • restore papal authority
  • restore traditional catholic practices and belief in transubstantiation
  • re-establish dissolved religious houses
  • end clerical marriage
  • secure long-term future for catholicism
  • persecute those who did not agree
• what was the impact of the burnings?

  nearly 300 went to the stake - 51 women.
• who did mary marry ?

  Philip of Spain
• what caused the wyatt's rebellion?

  anti-spanish feeling led by a conspiracy among the elites (James Croft, Peter Carew, and Wyatt)
• how many men did Wyatt manage to raise?

  3000 in kent
• what was the result of the Wyatt rebellion?

  Mary managed to defend the capital and Wyatt surrendered. Wyatt was executed but many of the rebels were treated with leniency to try not and provoke another rebellion.
• why was a female ruler seen as a threat to the monarchy?

  • a woman would be unable to control faction
  • a woman would be unable to lead an army into battle
  • a woman was expected to marry - issue of subservience within marriage
• how can factional conflict be seen between Paget and Gardiner?

  gardiner promoted edward courtenay for Mary's husband, paget promoted philip of spain.
• how would the marriage to philip impact foreign policy?

  would bring england closer to the Habsburgs - the family to which her mother was related

  
  

  could potentially involve them in habsburg wars which would bring no benefit.
• when did Mary succeed to the throne?

  July 1553