geo changing economic world p2

• Migration


  The movement of people from one place to another
• Rural to urban migration


  The movement of people from the countryside to the city
• Urbanisation


  The increasing percentage of the population living in towns and cities
• Sustainable Urban Living


  The practice of using natural resources responsibly in a city, so they can support both present and future generations e.g. waste recycling, reducing energy use, public transport & urban greening
• Urban sprawl


  The rapid and often unrestricted expansion of towns and cities into the neighbouring countryside
• TEA helps us describe: Trend - they are mostly..., Example - For example in... (linear, clustered, isolated), Anomaly/Aren't
• World Map of projected megacities 2030
• What do we need to do to make urban transport sustainable?

  1. Environmentally - Cut air pollution CO2 / to mitigate the enhanced greenhouse effect / climate change

  2. Socially - Cut air pollution - NOx / to mitigate respiratory diseases e.g. Asthma

  3. Economically - To reduce congestion / being late to work / hold ups for customers costs businesses
• Urban greening


  Increasing the amount and proportion of green spaces within a city
• What can you see in the photo that is sustainable?

  • Planting of trees in new developments
  • Planting of vertical green walls on new building developments
• Why is urban greening sustainable?

  • Environmentally: Trees and plants absorb CO2 so act as a carbon sink to reduce emissions
  • Socially: Green areas e.g. parks provide space for exercise (improving health) and socialising (improving community)
  • Economically: Trees provide shade which cools down areas on hot days – reducing need for air conditioning
• Challenges of air pollution in Mumbai
• Urbanisation


  The increase in the amount of people living in urban areas e.g. Towns & cities. From 2006 more then 50% of the world live in urban areas
• Where is Urbanisation happening?
• Megacity


  An urban area with over 10 million people
• Rural - urban migration


  The movement of people from rural to urban areas
• Push factors for rural-urban migration

  • Rural disasters
  • War and Conflict
  • Mechanisation of farms
  • Drought
  • Lack of employment
• Pull factors for rural-urban migration

  • More Jobs
  • Better education & healthcare
  • Increased quality of life
  • Following family members
• Natural Increase


  When the birth rate exceeds the death rate
• Integrated Transport System

  Linking different forms of transport within a city and the surrounding area
• Greenbelt Area


  A zone of surrounding a city where new building is strictly controlled to prevent cities growing too much and too fast (Urban Sprawl)
• Sustainable Urban Living


  This means being able to live in cities in ways that do not pollute the environment and using resources in ways that ensure future generations can use then. Economic, social & environmental sustainability
• Aspects of Sustainable Urban Living

  • Water Conservation
  • Energy Conservation
  • Creating Green Space
  • Waste Recycling
• Water Conservation


  Reducing the amount of water used. Collecting rainwater for gardens and flushing toilets. Installing water meters and toilets that flush less water. Educating people on using less
• Energy Conservation

  Using less fossil fuels can reduce the rate of climate change. Promoting renewable energy. Making homes more energy efficient. Encouraging people to use energy
• Creating Green Space


  Creating green spaces in urban areas can improve places for people who want to live there. Provide natural areas for people. Encourages people to exercise. Reduces the risk of flooding from surface runoff
• Waste Recycling


  More recycling means fewer resources are used. Less waste reduces the amount that eventually goes to landfill. Collection of household waste. More local recycling facilities. Greater awareness of the benefits in recycling
• Sustainable Urban Living Example: Bedzed (South London UK)

  • Economic Sustainability - ZAP cars can be re-charged for free by plugging in overnight, Electric & heating bills are much lower due to natural light—south facing windows & the solar panels, No need to buy a car as cheap car sharing pool is provided
  • Environmental sustainability - Homes are powered through renewable energy e.g. Solar panelled roofs and windows, ZAP (zero air pollution) electric cars are encouraged through car sharing schemes, Built from locally available materials—low impact for carbon—no concrete, Recycling is encouraged with kitchens fitted to support this
  • Social Sustainability - Walking & cycling are encouraged through integrated transport which promotes healthy forms of transport & reduces illness from pollution e.g. Asthma, Communal areas for residents encourage them to get to know one another
• Congestion Solutions


  • Widen roads to allow more traffic to flow easily
  • Build ring roads and bypasses to keep through traffic out of city centres
  • Introduce park and ride schemes to reduce car use
  • Encourage car-sharing schemes in work places
  • Bristol's £34 Million biogas fueled Metrobus, bike lanes & cycle hire
  • Congestion charges discourage drivers from entering busy city centres at rush hour
• Metrobus

  Bristol's £34 Million biogas fueled Metrobus
• Yo Bike


  Bristol's cycle hire scheme
• Bristol is a city in South West England. Its population is 428,000, making it the 8th largest in the UK. The city grew as a trading port & then as a manufacturing (e.g. tobacco, chocolate, airplanes) city. Located on the M4 corridor with easy access to London, Wales & The North
• Bristol's Importance

  • Two football teams, a cricket team & new international class sporting arenas
  • Green Capital of Europe 2015
  • 8th most popular destination for tourists in UK
  • Brunel and port heritage e.g. SS Great Britain
  • 2 major UK universities popular with young students
  • 'Best place to live in UK' (Sunday Times 2017)
  • International Airport
  • Avonmouth Docks – container port for world trade
  • Cabot Circus & Cribbs Causeway – regional shopping centres
• Bristol's population doubled from 1851 -1891 as people from across the UK came for work in the industrial revolution. In recent years this trend has continued and around ½ of migrants now come from abroad as well as from the UK
• Benefits of Migration to Bristol


  • Provides a hardworking and motivated workforce. E.g. In retail and hospitality sectors
  • Improving the level of skills where there are shortages e.g. construction and healthcare
  • The mainly young migrants help to balance out the ageing UK population and contribute to both the local and national economy e.g. paying council and income tax
  • Enrichment of the city's cultural life in terms of music, art, literature and food. The St Pauls carnival every year attracts 40 000
• Bristol's Opportunities - Social

  • Cultural Mix - multicultural character has created a vibrant music and art scene. Internationally famous bands & artists e.g. Massive Attack / Banksy help make Bristol an international centre for street art
  • Bristol's youthful population (more under 16s than pensioners) brings a booming nightlife economy. E.g. Bristol Arena is planned for the Temple Quarter regeneration a 12,000 capacity concert venue creating a wealth of employment opportunities
  • Leisure and Recreation – Bristol Sport and it's redeveloped Ashton Gate Stadium brings a 27,000 capacity venue ready for top level football, rugby and basketball
  • Shopping and Retail - £500 million Cabot Circus covered shopping centre built on a brownfield site to compete with out of town shopping at Cribbs Causeway on the Rural Urban Fringe
• Bristol's Opportunities - Economic

  • Tourism – International events such as the Balloon fiesta & 300,000 visitors to the Harbourside festival every year boosting Bristol's economy
  • High Tech Industry – 50 microelectronic and silicon design businesses have located in Bristol – the largest outside of Silicon Valley California USA – they are attracted by an educated & skilled workforce & top research universities
  • Global Companies – Bristol is home to Airbus, Aardman Animations and Hewlett Packard
  • The Ministry of Defence created 10,000 jobs when it decided to locate its headquarters in Stoke Gifford on a greenfield site
• Bristol's Opportunities - Environmental

  • European Green Capital - In 2015 Bristol became the first UK city to be awarded the status. Plan by 2020 to improve public transport, energy efficiency and development of renewable energy - 2015 Achievements: 175 businesses in Bristol created green action plans, 100 electric car charging points installed in the city, every primary pupil in Bristol planted a tree, Make Sunday special – major transport routes were closed throughout the year to make the city a space for people to enjoy on foot or by bike
  • Urban Greening - More than 1/3 of Bristol is open space & over 90% of people live within 350 metres of a park. 300 parks in the city, a target for 30% of the city to be covered with trees. Queens square once a dual carriageway is now an open space with cycle routes
  • Brownfield Sites – 94% of new housing has been built on these to reduce urban sprawl. E.g. Wapping Wharf at Bristol's Harbourside - built on an old jail site. Using recycled shipping containers for shops & restaurants & conserving the Dockside heritage. This has been very popular with residents & tourists but some say it has led to further gentrification of the inner city area of Bristol
• Bristol's Challenges - Socio-Economic
• Every primary pupil in Bristol planted a tree